The commoner kind--the ordinary coal gas--consists of two measures of hydrogen mixed with one measure of carbon vapour.
The difficulty of accomplishing this will be perceived when it is known that the charcoal points, between which the action takes place, are constantly undergoing change, the particles of carbon being transferred from one to the other.
It is called olefiant gas, and contains equal measures of hydrogen gas and carbon vapour; its specific gravity is 0.
The illuminating property of coal gas depends on the quantity of carbon it contains.
For cellulose, and also starch, dextrine, sugar, and the like are composed of carbon along with oxygen and hydrogen in just the proportions to form water.
Carbonic acid thus supplied, primarily from the air, is the source of the carbon which forms much the largest part of the substance of every plant.
And the carbonic acid and water taken in, less the oxygen which the carbon brought with it as carbonic acid, and which is given off from the foliage in sunshine, just represents the manufactured article, cellulose.
Mineral chemistry received a great deal of attention, the relatively simple acids, bases, and salts were studied, but the compounds of carbon were thought to be more complex and received less consideration.
Still later, studying benzene, he found that its six carbon atoms were best regarded as joined together in the form of a closed ring, and with this conception the idea of chemical structure received at last a definite form.
Solar energy is indicated by the wave lines as playing upon the upper side of the leaf, while the direction of the carbon dioxide is shown by the dotted lines entering from both above and below the leaf.
That hydrogen can unite with hydrogen, oxygen with oxygen, carbon with carbon, is a conception to which the early chemists never attained, but which is a necessary consequence of Avogadro's law in its application to observed phenomena.
Lastly, with the formation of starch there is the escape of oxygen set free from the broken molecule of carbon dioxide or water or both in the formation of the starch.
To carbon compounds in general it was yet to be applied.
Well might Bergman express astonishment at the action of carbon on iron.
In the same year Kekule showed that the atom of carbon had a combining capacity of four, and furthermore that in many organic compounds the carbon atoms were in part united with each other, and even linked, as it were, into chains.
Organic Chemistry, or Chemistry of theCarbon Compounds.
H2O In other words, the six molecules of carbon dioxide and five of water combine with the formation of one molecule of starch and the liberation of twelve atoms of oxygen.
It is remarkable that these properties have been determined by the relations subsisting between a mass of iron, itself protean in its nature, and the few tenths per cent of carbon it contains.
This compound, familiar to us as a product of combustion, fermentation, and decay, is composed of carbon and oxygen, and has the symbol CO2 associated with it by chemists.
Besides these, however, it contains a small portion of carbonic acid, that is, carbon chemically united with oxygen.
The carbonic acid is of no use to us directly, and in any but very minute quantities is harmful; but the carbon in it, if it can be separated from the oxygen, is just what the tree and every plant wants.
And now the work of separating the carbon from the oxygen is precisely that which is done in the wonderful laboratory of the leaf.
Rapid consumption of carbon continues until the C/N of the new material drops to the range of stable humus.
Howard stressed that for the Indore method to work reliably the carbon to nitrogen ratio of the material going into the heap must always be in the same range.
It is generally true that organic matter with a high ratio of carbon to nitrogen also will have a high ratio of carbon to other minerals.
The ink is not toxic, being made from carbon black and oil.
Balancing C/N Here's a simple arithmetic problem that illustrates how to balance carbon to nitrogen.
Initially, a great deal of carbon dioxide gas may be given off, as carbonis metabolically "burned.
You intentionally participate in a natural cycle: the endless rotation of carbon from air to organic matter in the form of plants, to animals, and finally all of it back into soil.
Very great skill is required to prepare carbon ink of the finest quality.
The great advantage of this carbon ink is that it never fades; it is not a dye or stain, but it consists of very minute particles of carbon which rest on the surface of the vellum.
In the ultimate decomposition of organic matter the carbon appears in the form of carbon dioxid which when combined with water forms carbonic acid.
By these circulation processes the supply of carbon dioxid in the atmosphere is renewed and maintained without any special effort on the part of man.
Chlorine water has been used: this converts the HCN into ammonium chloride, carbon monoxide and dioxide, and a little cyanogen chloride.
Animal matter contains the elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen: the carbon and nitrogen unite with the alkaline metal to form a cyanide, or a ferrocyanide if iron also be present.
A less preferable way is to collect the arsenious sulphide on a weighed filter, to dry, and dissolve out any sulphur by carbon disulphide.
Working with specially prepared explosive containing a little excess of carbon Sir Andrew Noble collected the residue left in the steel cylinder.
Until recently it was assumed that carbon was non-volatile at any attainable temperature, but it is now known that at a temperature of about 3600 deg.
Vogelsang, he proved the existence of liquidcarbon dioxide in cavities in quartz and topaz, and later he obtained amorphous from ordinary phosphorus by means of the electric current.
It having been shown that diamond is formed by the separation of carbon from molten iron under pressure, it became of interest to see if in some large metallurgical operations similar conditions might not prevail.
Many organic and some inorganic bodies hold carbon so loosely combined that it can be separated out under the influence of chemical action, heat or electricity, but invariably the carbon assumes the black amorphous form.
Attempts have been made by two methods to makecarbon crystallize in the transparent form.
The other method is to try to fuse the carbon by fierce heat, when from analogy it is argued that on cooling it will solidify to a clear limpid crystal.
Gaudin made true rubies, of microscopic size, by fusing alum in a carbon crucible at a very high temperature, and adding a little chromium as colouring matter.
The bulky residue consists chiefly of graphite, together with translucent flakes of chestnut-coloured carbon, hard black opaque carbon of a density of from 3.
Accustomed through long ages to breathe air rich in oxygen and poor in carbon dioxide, men suffered.
The plants of the earth, though nourished and increasing in size beyond those ever seen before, were unable to dispose of the continually increasing flood of carbon dioxide.
Most of the plants of the world took the gas and absorbed its carbon into themselves, releasing the oxygen for use again.
Between the time when the chemists of the International Geophysical Institute announced that the proportion of carbon dioxide in the air had increased from .
Scientists had calculated that a great deal of the earth's increased fertility was due to the larger quantities of carbon dioxide released by the activities of man in burning his coal and petroleum.
Fissures opened slowly in the crust, and carbonic acid gas--the carbon dioxide of chemists--began to pour out into the atmosphere.
Current is led into the rings by means of carbon brushes, the number of brushes being such that the current density at the rubbing contact is kept within conservative limits.
The light was that known as incandescent--a filament of carbon raised to a light-emitting heat in vacuo.
If we begin at the beginning we have to go back to the time when Faraday made the discovery that light could be produced by the separation of two carbon rods conducting a current of considerable tension.
The exclusion of the air is necessary to prevent the otherwise rapid destruction of the carbon by combination with oxygen.
Within these troughs slide freely the two carbon pencils, which are of circular cross section, meeting, when no current is passing, at the lower point, E.
Carbon dioxide a little higher, and when I tested density with a spring balance the ten-pound weight showed nine and a half," Jak reported.
Their plates again showed only the blinding whiteness of ice they knew was frozen carbon dioxide rather than frozen water or snow.
For the expulsion of the worms the use of carbon bisulphid in gelatin capsules, 2 to 5 grams, according to the size of the patient, for five days, followed by magnesium sulphate the sixth day, has been recommended.
Owing to the difficulty and danger in the administration ofcarbon bisulphid in capsule, it is advisable to call in a veterinarian.
The mucous membranes become bluish or blue when the blood is imperfectly oxidized and contains an excess of carbon dioxid.
But cut the wire and insert a piece of carbon between the two broken ends, and at once you have an arc-light that drives away the darkness.
Wherever oxygen finds admission, its union with carbon to form carbonic acid, or with hydrogen to form water, produces heat.
But in all bones much useful carbon and nitrogen is found; three pounds of bone yielding as much carbon, and six pounds as much nitrogen, as one pound of meat.
Mackerel and Herring both abound in oil, the latter especially, giving not only relish to the Irishman's potato, but the carbon he needs as heat-food.
Besides the concentration of carbon in plant and animal tissues and its change to hydrocarbons, there is a still further concentration necessary in order that stores of petroleum, gas, etc.
Carbon is thus concentrated, and when plant remains accumulate and are preserved beneath water in swamps, a slow change takes place and peat is formed.
The part played by plants in this same connection is shown by the way in which they eliminate carbon dioxide from the air or from water, and concentrate the carbon in their tissues.
If the clutches should be used until the sharp edge that grips the carbon have become worn smooth or round they would allow the carbon to feed too fast and the light would burn dim.
Be sure that the end of the carbon comes up to center of reflector and does not rest on base of reflector or lamp.
To allow the point of the carbon and the electrode to touch to form a circuit; this scale being a non-conductor of electricity and with it on, the current would not pass from the carbon to the electrode and holder.
If you should lose the clothespin holder or top carbon clutch, what could be done to get the light?
Would test for a broken circuit or open circuit: First, by placing a carbon across the binding posts at dynamo.
With compound wound dynamo fields the cab lamps will continue to burn when head-lamp is extinguished by lifting carbon by hand.
Combustion or burning is a chemical process, it is the action of fire on inflammable substances and is the union of the oxygen in the air with the carbon in the fuel; this is called rapid combustion.
Second: Go to the lamp, place yourcarbon across binding posts.
Because there is no top guide to the carbon, as the carbon is guided by the clutches.
Anthracite, on the contrary, is nearly pure carbon and burns with a small flame.
Would fasten a wire around the carbon and top holder to keep carbon in line, being careful not to get the wire either too tight or too loose.
All the lights that we burn in a house, except electric ones, are eating up oxygen and giving off carbon dioxid.
Here it passes through the capillaries round the air cells, loses its carbon dioxid, takes in oxygen, and is gathered up and returned through great return pipes to the receiving chamber, or auricle, of the left side of the heart.
If the yeast germ be set to work in a pulp or mash of crushed barley or wheat, the starch of which has been partly turned into sugar by malting, it breaks up the sugar into alcohol and carbon dioxid.
The carbon dioxid "smoke," as we have already learned, is carried in the blood to the lungs, where it passes off in the breath.
As long as these powders are kept dry, they will not act upon each other; but as soon as they are moistened in the dough, they begin to give off carbon dioxid gas.
With the carbon dioxid it is poured by the body cells into the veins, carried to the heart, and pumped through the lungs, where the carbon dioxid is thrown off.
But what of the principal waste gas that the blood gives off in the lungs--the carbon "smoke," or carbon dioxid?
In the simplest forms of life, any part of the soft and delicate surface will do for the blood to reach, in order to throw off its load of carbon "smoke" and take on its supply of oxygen.
They burn very clean; that is, almost the whole of them is turned into carbon dioxid gas and water.
These eagerly pick out all the decaying vegetable substances of the water and feed upon them, changing them into harmless carbon dioxid water, and small amounts of ammonia.
It is sold for treatment in factories by the sulphide of carbon process, and by this method yields from seven to nine per cent.
There are thus two pairs of carbon per element, and these are simply suspended from a piece of wood, as shown in the figure.
A rod of electric light carbon warmed and fixed horizontally across a bell-jar full of dense smoke is very suitable for this experiment, and by means of a lens the dust-free regions may be thus projected on to a screen.
Among the early noted inventors of incandescent carbon filament lamps were Edison and Maxim of New York, Swan, and Lane-Fox of England.
On the contrary, in America, especially after the petroleum wells were opened up, and nature supplied the hydro-carbon in roaring wells and fountains, water gas came to the front.
By placing certain mixtures of carbon and sand, or of carbon and clay, between the terminals of a powerful current, a material resembling diamonds, but harder, has been produced.
Holmes of England improved it and applied the current directly to the production of electric light between carbon points.
In exhausted air carbon rods or filaments are not consumed, and so great ingenuity was exercised on that line.
It will be noticed that in this earliest process pure carbon was used as a fuel, and a blast of air to keep the fire at a great heat was employed.
This consists, in one form, of pieces of carbon in loose contact placed in the circuit of a telephone.
