Captain Go greeted Rip and his men, then handed over a plastic stylus plate ordering Rip to deliver six cubic meters of thorium for use on Mercury.
When electric current fired the rocket head, the thorium carrying the plutonium wedge would be driven forward to meet the wedge in the back.
The Mercurian Planeteers got into their craft and blasted off, trailing the block of thorium in their exhaust.
He didn't want chunks ofthorium flying around from the blast.
Emperor of all the metal molecules and king of the thorium spurs.
That meant finding a thorium crystal properly placed and big enough.
In the case of the uranium family this will be radium C, and in the case of thorium it will be thorium C.
It may be observed respecting this theory that there is some support for the view that a parent substance both to uranium and thorium has existed or possibly exists.
XXIV, lower figure), we see a uranium and a thorium halo in the same crystal of mica.
It shows to relatively correct scale the limiting range of all the alpha-ray producing members of the uranium and thorium families.
The effects of thorium Ca are clearly shown 227 as a lighter border surrounding the accumulated inner darkening due to the otherthorium rays.
The thoriumand uranium ores are, again, specially prone to alteration.
However, as we have seen, the view that thorium gives rise to stable lead is beset with some difficulties.
Some of the most recent measurements of the quantities of radium and thorium in the rocks of igneous origin--e.
The evidence is found in the proportionality frequently observed between the amounts ofthorium and uranium in the primary rocks.
It will be seen that the ray of greatest range is that proceeding from thorium C2, which reaches a distance of 8.
Thorium and uranium, proportionality of, in older rocks, 26.
One of my assistants was demonstrating a peculiar property of thorium and Deverill seemed interested.
Monazite, a phosphate of thorium and other rare earths, contains on the average about 1 cc.
The richest known source is thorianite, which consists mainly of thorium oxide, and contains 9.
Helium is relatively abundant in many minerals, all of which are radioactive, and contain uranium or thorium as important constituents.
Welsbach mantles consist of about 99 per cent thoriumoxide and 1 per cent cerium oxide.
Before the war German commercial interests controlled most of the production, as well as the manufacture of the thorium products.
An effort is now being made to secure protective legislation against German thorium products.
The content of thorium oxide varies from a trace up to 30 per cent, and commercial monazite sands are usually mixed so as to bring the grade up to at least 5 per cent.
During the war, however, the United States became the largest manufacturer of thorium nitrate and gas mantles and exported these products in considerable quantity.
Mesothorium, a by-product of the manufacture of thorium nitrate for gas mantles, is used as a substitute for radium in luminous paints and for therapeutic purposes.
Again, it is conjectured that bismuth is the end-product of the thorium series.
In this way, thorium is also added to the list of earth’s potential nuclear fuels.
If a thorium shell surrounds a nuclear reactor, fissionable uranium-233 is formed within it and is easily separated from the thorium.
After being knitted, the mantles are impregnated with thorium nitrate, with the addition of a small quantity of cerium nitrate, and occasionally other nitrates.
When placed in the lamp for use, the collodion is first burned off and the remaining oxide of thorium forms the incandescent mantle.
Here thorium-X is interposed between thorium and its short-lived emanation, which decays to half its initial quantity in 54 seconds.
As we have said above, solid bodies exposed to the emanations of radium or thorium become coated with a radio-active deposit.
Two active deposits, thorium A and B, arise successively from the emanation.
Thus by chemical reactions it is possible to separate from uranium and thorium minute quantities of radio-active materials to which the names of uranium-X and thorium-X have been given.
Rutherford, then of Montreal, discovered that the radiation from uranium, thorium and radium was complex.
No place is found in this pedigree for thorium and its derivatives.
If the X-substances be kept, their radio-activity decays, while that of the uranium or thorium from which they were obtained gradually rises to the initial value it had before the separation.
They are strongly radio-active, while, after the separation, the parents uranium and thorium are found to have lost some of their radio-activity.
They were afraid word of this thorium asteroid would leak out to Consops—and it has.
The Scorpius had sent piloted snapper-boats over the asteroid at high speed, criss-crossing in order to cover the thorium world completely, expecting to have the unknown rocketeer fire at them.
They reached the peaks ofthorium and Rip looked them over.
He didn’t want chunks of thorium flying around from the blast.
Apparently he was supposed to do a lot of cutting on the asteroid, probably of the thorium itself.
He thrust the torch into the hole and quickly withdrew it as pieces of thorium flew out.
There isn’t much about a chunk of thorium to get sentimental over, but after fighting for it the way we did, it doesn’t seem right to cut it into blocks.
His torch flared, slicing through the thorium as he prepared their firing position.
But thorium mostly gives off the kind of radiation known as alpha particles.
Rip helped as best he could by pushing away the chunks of thorium that Kemp cut free, but it was essentially a one-man job.
Skillful application of the torch melted the thorium around the wedge and sealed it tightly.
The residue of carbon and thorium on the blast tube walls was stubborn, dirty, and penetrating.
It was soon shown that thorium was also radioactive.
He also studied “thorium B” in the thoriumradioactive series and “actinium B” in the actinium radioactive series.
Uranium X₁, and ordinary thorium were in the same place in the list of elements by chemical standards, and yet there was clearly something different about the two.
Then, the investigations into radioactivity had shown that atoms of uranium and thorium spontaneously broke up into smaller particles, including electrons and alpha particles.
The supply in uranium and thorium leaked slightly, so to speak, and that was all that made them different.
The uranium series, the thorium series, and the actinium series all ended in lead.
The same was true of thorium (atomic number 90), which began a series that also ended with lead.
At the upper end, thorium is 90 and uranium is 92.
The conclusion was that uranium and thorium gave off three kinds of radiation.
Since the monazite contains more cerium than thorium and the mantles made from it contain more thorium than cerium, there is a superfluity of cerium.
The German method of making the lamp filaments is to squirt a mixture of tungsten powder and thorium oxide through a perforated diamond of the desired diameter.
The manufacturers give away a pound of cerium salts with every purchase of a hundred pounds of thorium salts.
The author has obtained metallicthorium by heating sodium with the double anhydrous thorium potassium chloride, in presence of sodium chloride in an iron crucible.
The density of thorium as obtained by reducing the anhydrous chloride by means of sodium was found by Chydenius, 7.
The mean specific gravity of pure thorium is about 11.
When certain substances, such as thorium and cerium, are heated, they do not melt or vaporize, but glow with an intense bright light.
The mantle thus impregnated with thorium and cerium is placed on the gas jet, but before the gas is turned on, a lighted match is held to the mantle in order to burn away the thin fabric.
He made a cylindrical mantle of thin fabric, and then soaked it in a solution of thorium and cerium until it became saturated with the chemical.
These mantles contain the oxides of cerium and thorium in the ratio of about 1% of the former to 99% of the latter.
They have been named radio-actinium and radio-thorium respectively.
Now, no compound containing any other active metal than uranium or thorium ought to show itself more active than those metals themselves, since the property belongs to their atoms.
In the same way, Professors Rutherford and Soddy have discovered a so-called thorium X to be the stage through which ordinary thorium has to pass in order to produce its emanation.
As regards thoriumthe results are less satisfactory.
Radium and thorium possess in somewhat large proportions the three kinds of rays, and it is the same with actinium.
Then this thorium bomb doesn't sound as though it was practical, sinking one of our ships like that.
He said that his orders were to make effective disclosure of the mechanics of the thorium bomb as soon as we were clear of the Aleutians.
He argued that the Navy Department would conclude that thorium was unreliable and drop the atomic project until the end of the war.
He had some kind of a thorium bomb and the chief job he did was to use it to blow up the ship.
Nobody--at least outside of the President, the Secretary of the Navy and Professor Chalmis--was supposed to know that there was such a thing as a thorium bomb.
We checked him for twelve months before we even approached him on the thorium research.
This thorium bomb will do the trick and the war will be over by Labor Day.
Whatever had happened to me since the thorium bomb burst off Adak, this was Scotch and it was cold, so I doubted that this place was Hell.
Believe it or not, this business about the sinking of the Alaska and the thorium bomb is the least of my troubles.
He sank the Alaska and killed himself and the inventor of the thorium bomb, rather than let the Navy get away with this outrage.
So I told him the whole story, from beginning to end, skipping only the bits about the thorium bomb and Z-2 for reasons of security, and omitting the name of the carrier.
Naturally, I did not mention the Alaska, the thorium bomb, Z-2 or Von Bieberstein.
I had been assigned by Navy Public Relations to observe and report on Operation Octopus--the plan to blow up the Jap naval base at Paramushiro in Kuriles with the Navy's recently developed thorium bomb.
The thorium bomb, Chalmis told me, had been developed by the Navy, parallel to other hitherto unsuccessful experiments conducted by the Army with uranium.
Bumstead (60) finds that with longer exposure of the wire the relative importance of the thorium emanation increases.
These figures refer to the state of the wire immediately after the exposure; the rate of decay is much more rapid for the radium than for the thorium emanation.
Defn: A radioactive product intermediate betweenthorium and radiothorium, with a period of 5.
The mantle is made by soaking a "stocking" in a solution of nitrates of thorium and cerium (approx.
They also observed that apparently carbon-dioxide is continually evolved from an acid solution of thoriumnitrate (see below, Sec.
Uranium and thorium differ in one important respect from radium, inasmuch as the first product of the decomposition of the uranium and thorium atoms is in both cases solid.
Schmidt found that thorium compounds possess a similar property, and Professor Rutherford showed that thorium compounds evolved also something resembling a gas.
To-day the thorium they carry is of vastly more account; for chemical treatment this is sent to Germany whence the manufactured product is borne to every quarter of the globe.
A few pages will recount some of the striking phenomena of radio-activity displayed by radium, thorium and kindred substances, phenomena which are remolding the fundamental conceptions of physics and chemistry.
Gradually Thorium X ceases to radiate and the original thorium resumes an emission of Thorium X.
From Thorium X emanates what seems a gas, condensible by extreme cold, which attaches itself to adjacent bodies so as to make them radio-active.
Welsbach tested thorium oxide with gratifying results; yet, strange to say, when he had purified this material to the utmost, his light fell off in an unaccountable fashion.
When this gas burns at a fairly high temperature, as does Dowson gas, it gives with thorium mantles a good light, so as to be an all round rival of electricity.
Professor Charles Baskerville, of the College of the City of New York, has separated from thoriumtwo substances probably elementary, carolinium and berzelium.
Nearly all the thorium used for mantles is found in the monazite sands of the provinces of Bahia and Espirito Santo, along the coast of Brazil.
Professor Rutherford has observed it throwing off a substance he calls Thorium X; this radiates strongly for a time, the parent mass not radiating at all.
After standing a month, the separated material has lost its activity and the thorium salt has regained it.
Whether this means solely the disintegration of the uranium and thorium atoms, or whether other elements are also transformed under the intensity of the agencies at work in the universe, is of course a question as yet unsolved.
Similar results were obtained in the examination ofthorium minerals and thorium salts.
Thus ionium is so closely related to thorium and so resembles it chemically that it is properly classed along with thorium as a quadrivalent element in the fourth group.
The half-value period for thorium X is much shorter, namely, a little over four days, and this is also the recovery period for thorium X.
At first uranium and its compounds were the only known source of these new radiations, but many other substances were examined and two years later thorium and its compounds were added to the list.
The bulk of the lead obtained from radio-active minerals differs in atomic weight from ordinary lead and appears also to be different according to whether its source is a thorium or a uranium mineral.
Boltwood discovered in uranium minerals the presence of a body which he named ionium, and which is so similar to thorium that it cannot be separated from it.
Thus a metal plate or wire exposed to the action of thorium oxide for some hours became itself active.
The first investigations of the activity of uranium and thorium showed no loss of intensity at the end of several years, and radium also seemed to show no decrease in its enormous activity.
Radio-active Products in the Earth's Crust The presence of uranium and thorium widely distributed throughout the crust of the earth would lead to the conclusion that their disintegration products would be found there also.
Determinations of the atomic weight of lead from thorite, a thorium mineral nearly free from uranium, gave 208.
Another method of making the mantle was first to produce a basis of thoria, and, having got the fabric in thorium oxide, to coat it with a mixture of 99% thoria and 1% ceria.
The above list will hopefully give you a few useful examples demonstrating the appropriate usage of "thorium" in a variety of sentences. We hope that you will now be able to make sentences using this word.
