A similar band occurs in the same position on the dorsum of the eighth segment but the pleural region is devoid of such a band.
In Nucula there was more the appearance of four ganglia in the cerebro-pleural mass, and the ganglia seem less complex than in Malletia.
This last species has more separate pleural ganglia, if the ganglionic cords can be so regarded.
At the cephalic end of the cerebro-pleural ganglion the large ganglionic cords are in evidence.
In section the pedal ganglion at one place seems to be made up of four parts which may correspond to four connectives from the cerebro-pleural although only one pair of connectives was clearly determined.
The central portion might represent the cerebral ganglia and the lateral, the pleural if we take that interpretation.
Section through the body of Nucula showing the position of the cerebro-pleural ganglion cut through the center.
The upper ganglion is the cerebro-pleural with large nerves leading off from the ganglion which is itself lobed into four chief lobes.
On the ventral side to the left and right are the beginnings of the lateral lobes or ganglionic cords which may represent the pleural ganglia.
Spiracles on the pleural region of segments two to seven, lying opposite the third annulus and close to the ventral margin of the pleura.
Reconstruction from serial sections of the cerebro-pleural mass nerves and connectives of Malletia faba.
Frequently sudden and fatal syncope occurs, due to heart weakness or to the pouring out of fluid into the pleural or the pericardial cavities.
It is true that the limbs may show slight edema in scurvy, and that the pericardial and the pleural sacs, and even the peritoneal cavity, occasionally contain a small quantity of serum, but it is comparatively an insignificant amount.
In addition to these hemorrhages there are serous effusions of the muscles similar to those which are found in the pleural and pericardial cavities.
Sometimes circumscribed, at others connected with bronchial tubes, and not infrequently communicating with the pleural cavity.
The smooth serous membrane which closely covers the lungs and the adjacent surfaces of the thorax; the pleural membrane.
Defn: The operation of opening the pleuralcavity by incision.
Defn: A remodeling or reshaping of the thorax; especially, the operation of removing the ribs, so as to obliterate the pleural cavity in cases of empyema.
The closed sac formed by the pleural membrane about each lung, or the fold of membrane connecting each lung with the body wall.
Defn: Accumulation of air, or other gas, and of pus, in the pleural cavity.
It usually indicates some morbid change in the lungs or pleural cavity.
Defn: Of or pertaining to the pleural and peritoneal membranes or cavities, or to the pleuroperitoneum.
In oedema the fluid contains only traces, whereas a pleural or peritoneal effusion is always highly albuminous.
The pleural covering of the lung tissue is shown in profile above.
The pain is caused by the friction of the dry, inflamed pleural surfaces of the lung and chest on each other.
An accumulation of gas in thepleural sac is known as pneumothorax.
They regard such a segment as including two pleural elements--viz.
The pleural membrane, connecting the terga with the sterna, is well developed and exposed on the sides of the body.
Terga well developed, overlapping the sterna on the sides of the body, and usually concealing the pleural membrane, which forms a sunk fold.
The terga and sterna approach and recede alternately, while the pleural zone simultaneously becomes depressed or returns to its original figure.
Gerstaecker has found in the two first abdominal segments of Corydia carunculigera (Blattariæ) pleural appendages, which are hollow and capable of protrusion.
Pleural elements are developed in the form of narrow stigmatic plates, with the free edge directed backwards.
In general, the pleural elements of the segment are late in development, variable, and highly adaptive.
The secondary rises always occurred with a fresh effusion, often of blood, occasioning an extension, which broke down probable light adhesions and exposed a fresh area of normal pleural membrane to act as a surface for absorption.
When, on the other hand, the bullet as viewed by the X-rays is seen to be in the pleural cavity, and any symptoms of its presence exist, it may be justifiable to remove it.
On the tenth day after admission a pleural rub was detected at the upper margin of the dulness, and the latter shortly extended upwards over a little more than half the back.
Under the heading of injury to the large intestine a somewhat special form of pleural septicæmia will be referred to.
In many of these cases a pleural rub was audible at the upper margin of the dulness with the development of the fresh symptoms.
It must be conceded that in a large number of such injuries only the extreme limits of the pleural sac were encroached upon, yet in some the tracks passed through the lungs, although without serious consequences.
On admission there were signs of fluid in the lower third of the pleural cavity, but no general symptoms beyond an evening rise of temperature to an average of 99°.
In this also fæcal matter passed freely into the left pleural cavity, and fæcal matter was expectorated, while there was an almost complete absence of abdominal symptoms.
It was remarkable in case 204 how little trouble the biliary fistula gave rise to, although the bile was discharged across the pleural cavity.
Macbride therefore agrees with Kowalewsky that the atrial cavity is formed by the simultaneous ventral extension of pleural folds, and of the branchial part of the original pharynx.
Further, van Wijhe states that the atrium extends beyond the atriopore right up to the anus, just as must have been the case if the pleural folds originally existed along the whole length of the body.
The part dorsal to the bend represents the part of the muscle belonging to the original body; the part ventral to the bend is the pleural part, and represents the extension into the pleural folds.
The amalgamation of the pleuralfolds ventrally completed the process, and so formed an animal resembling the Cephalaspidae, Ammocoetes, or Amphioxus.
Into these pleural folds the dorsal longitudinal muscles of the body extended, and ultimately reached to the ventral surface, thus forming the somatic muscles of the vertebrate body.
Kowalewsky described this atrial space as formed by the ventral downgrowth ofpleural folds on each side of the body, which met in the mid-ventral line and enclosed the branchial portion of the gut.
The changes in the pleuralsurfaces are the same as those which have been noted in the pericardium, but any increase of the fluid within the pleural sacs is an exception to the general law, and is very rarely seen.
Pus is never found in the lungs or within the pleuralcavities in pure unmixed septicæmia.
The pleural cavities often contain some opaque, muddy, sero-purulent fluid, mixed with blood and having masses of lymph floating in it.
Each pleural cavity contained from six to eight ounces of transparent serum, and both lungs were readily inflated, except a little of the posterior portion of each lower lobe, which could not be; no fibrinous exudation over the lungs.
In old persons serous effusions into the pleural sac are now and then encountered.
When pleurisy exists, it is usually accompanied, according to Murchison, by purulent effusion into the pleural cavity.
The pleural and pericardial sacs are more or less distended with serum, thus mechanically embarrassing the action of the organs they contain.
About an ounce of fluid in each pleural cavity; on the right side a few loose flakes of fibrin floating in the serum, and consolidation of lung at apex; collapse in one or two places.
Viewed from the upper surface, it shows a large part of the test, but is broken along the sides, so that parts of the free cheeks, considerable of the pleural lobes of the thorax, and one side of the pygidium are missing.
Side view of a specimen of Isotelus gigas Dekay, from which the test of the pleural lobes has been broken to show the position of the Panderian organs.
While possibly not homologous with the pleural extensions of trilobites, they may be vestiges of these structures.
The first two visible segments (the first and second) extend just to the margin of the pleural lobe, while the other four extend beyond the dorsal cover.
On the other hand, openings to gills are normally ventral in position, and if the pleural lobes were folded down against the body, they would be brought very close to the bases of the legs.
Form trilobite-like, pleural lobes reduced, endobases absent from coxopodites of body, pygidium a small plate.
The neck segment is indicated by a slight prominence on the axial lobe, and back of it a constriction divides the axial lobe of the pygidium into two nodes, but does not cross the pleural lobes.
Another interesting feature is the retention by Yohoia of vestiges of pleural lobes.
Chelicerae are not known, and pleural lobes are well developed in this group.
Add to this the direct development of the small number of segments, and the infoldedpleural lobes, and it must be admitted that the group presents more trilobite-like characteristics than any other.
The endopodites were long enough to reach to or a little beyond the outer extremities of the pleural spines, while the exopodites were apparently somewhat shorter.
From similar opisthoparian ancestors there were, however, derived primitive Malacostraca retaining biramous antennae, but with a carapace and reduced pleural lobes and pygidium.
It may also follow the sudden withdrawal of fluid from a large cavity, as in tapping an abdomen for ascites, or withdrawing fluid from the pleural cavity.
He recommended the puncture of the pleural cavity for pleural effusion, and above all for empyema whenever the case was in serious condition.
As depicted in figure 385, in the apex of the right pleural cavity there was a bruise or contusion or ecchmymosis of the parietal pleura as well as a bruise of the upper portion, the most apical portion of the right lung.
We found that there was, in fact, no defect in the pleural lining of the President's chest.
What would be the relation of the bruise at the apex of the pleural sac to such a line?
However, over the apex of the right pleural cavity, and the pleura now has two layers.
My question really went to this point: Considering the location of the bruise at the apex of the pleural sac---- Commander HUMES.
This caused him to believe that perhaps there had been a violation of one of the--one or other of the pleural cavities by a missile.
What would be the--can you describe the covering around the apex of the pleural sac, the nature of its protection.
An inflammation of the pleura, usually accompanied with fever, pain, difficult respiration, and cough, and with exudation into the pleural cavity.
The operation of opening thepleural cavity by incision.
Of or pertaining to the pleural and peritoneal membranes or cavities, or to the pleuroperitoneum.
Accumulation of air, or other gas, and of pus, in the pleural cavity.
The pleural and peritoneal membranes, or the membrane lining the body cavity and covering the surface of the inclosed viscera; the peritoneum; -- used especially in the case of those animals in which the body cavity is not divided.
A remodeling or reshaping of the thorax; especially, the operation of removing the ribs, so as to obliterate the pleural cavity in cases of empyema.
In many cases the condition is complicated by injuries of the pleural or peritoneal cavities and their contained viscera, or by injury of the trachea, œsophagus, or large vessels and nerves of the neck.
Sometimes the pus burrows behind the œsophagus and trachea, and it may find its way into the pleural cavity.
Foreign bodies ulcerating through may reach the lung without pleural leakage because of the sealing together of the visceral and parietal pleurae.
The abscess may extend to the periphery and rupture into the pleural cavity.
Pulmonary abscess formation and rupture into the pleura should not be awaited, for the foreign body does not often follow the pus into the pleural cavity.
Thoracotomy for drainage is required when the pleural cavity has been involved, not only for pleural secretions, but for the constant and copious esophageal leakage.
The pleural cavity is quite accessible with or without rib-resection, and there is practically no risk in careful pleuroscopy.
Most pleural diseases require a large external opening for drainage, and even here the pleuroscope may be of some use in exploring the cavities.
Pleural perforation is manifested by the usual signs of pneumothorax, and will be demonstrated in the roentgenogram.
Pneumothorax and empyema follow perforation into the pleural cavity.
The lung was compressed against the spine, and the whole surface of the pleural sac was coated by a false membrane, about two lines in thickness, formed by coagulated fibrine.
The left pleural cavity contained upwards of two pints of a thin, purulent fluid.
A gentleman was operated upon for haemorrhoidal tumours in the usual manner, and died shortly afterwards, with effusion of bloody serum into one of the pleural cavities.
Sometimes the blending of the two diaphragmatic structures, and consequently the severance of the one pleural duct from the abdominal cavity, is not completed in man.
The two cavities then remain in communication by an open pleural duct, and loops of the intestine may penetrate by this "rupture opening" into the chest-cavity.
Not only are the pleural ganglia fused to the cerebral, but also the visceral to these (see in further illustration the condition attained by the Pulmonate Limnaeus, fig.
The lungs are two in number, and occupy the pleural chamber of the thorax, one en each side of the median line, being separated from each other by the heart, the greater blood vessels and the larger air tubes.
This consists in a differential count of the cells in a transudate or exudate, particularly one of pleural or peritoneal origin.
Lymphoid cells from pleural fluid; case of tuberculous pleuritis (Percy Musgrave; photo by L.
The above list will hopefully give you a few useful examples demonstrating the appropriate usage of "pleural" in a variety of sentences. We hope that you will now be able to make sentences using this word.
