It takes place several days before the Assembly day, when the chief enters the kiva and sets his natci or standard on the kiva hatch to announce that he has begun the ceremonies.
These three men, with Kalakwai, who was weaving a blanket, were the only persons in the kiva while the altar was being made.
Miniature imitations (plate XX) of this are made in this kiva on the last day of the Tuntai and deposited in a shrine near Sikyaowatcomo, the site of the early settlement of the Tewa.
Pocine next went up the kiva ladder, and standing on the upper rung in the sunlight, sought, by means of an angular piece of glass, to reflect a ray of sunlight on the altar, but more especially into the vase of medicine.
One of these later served as the base of a standard (natci) which was subsequently placed each morning on the kiva hatch to warn the uninitiated not to enter.
Having finished the effigy of the Great Serpent and formed the clay cylinder to his liking, Anote made on the western side of the floor of the kiva a ridge of sand, a few inches high and about two feet long, parallel with the western wall.
It is supposed to be a roadway of blessings, and the trail of meal is the pathway along which, in their belief, the benign influences of the altar pass from it to the kiva entrance and to the pueblo.
The medial line of triangles, representing feathers, on the Sikyatki food-bowl, is paralleled in the Hano kivaby eagle-wing feathers inserted along the middle of the image of a snake.
The Kokop and Tcuea families, in the Nacabkiva, had no altar, but on the floor of the kiva there was a stone image which was said to have come from the ancient pueblo of Sikyatki, a former village of the Kokop people.
The chief kiva had a small stove, an innovation which was greatly appreciated by the writer.
While making this ridge he sat between it and the kiva wall.
This, called the natci, later served as the pedestal to hold two eagle-wing feathers, and was placed at the kivahatch each day to inform the uninitiated that ceremonies were in progress.
She was so disturbed, so confused in her mind that Van Shaw's words seemed unreal, as unreal as the kiva on which she was sitting or the changing groups of vivid colour moving about on the tops of the houses.
Gradually the priests disappear down into the kiva where a feast has been prepared for them by the women.
Then from out the other kiva the stately snake priests emerge, a group of twelve old men each bearing the rattle which contains the grains of corn.
On the edge of the snake priests' kiva the women bring out huge jars of mysterious brown liquid.
Darkness covered the blurred outline of Oraibi's houses, with only an occasional point of light here and there, or the sudden glow from some kiva as the opening reflected the fire at the bottom.
Out from the houses near the snake kiva a group of girls and women suddenly run.
This feature is a common accompaniment of kiva construction and pertains to the use of the ceremonial room as a workshop by the male blanket weavers of Tusayan.
He now has grave fears that the stove is an evil innovation, and has exercised a deleterious influence upon the fortune of his kiva and its members; but the stove is still retained.
The difference in this last case may have been brought about by exigencies of the site on the mesa edge and the form of the cavity in which the kivawas built.
Kipat´ctjua´ta The kiva doorway; the opening into the hatchway, Fig.
In some of the Tusayan houses may be seen examples of posts sunk in the floor provided with holes for the insertion of cords for attaching and tightening the warp, similar to those built into the kiva floors, illustrated in Fig.
But in the case of the large kiva partly above ground designated as the Coyote kiva, the direction from which it is entered is the reverse of that of the other kivas.
It is probable that the accidental occurrence of a suitable break or depression in the mesa top determined the position of this kiva at an early date and that the first buildings clustered about this point.
According to the accounts of some of the old men the kiva was constructed to inclose this sacred object, and houses were built on every side to surround the kiva and form its outer wall.
One end of the “Goat” kivaat Walpi is 5 feet above ground, the other end being level with the sloping surface.
The names of men were called as scouts, and the response was quick, as one after another ran to the kiva for orders, and then started on the run towards mesa and forest.
The head men wrapped themselves in the robes of ceremony, the younger priests painted their bodies with the white, and into the kiva of council they descended with their visitor of high office.
The old men shall take you to the kiva where all the youth of the clan must be taught how to grow straight and think straight.
As they did so, José came to them, and said that at last it was plain the Cacique meant to see both red and white visitors in the kiva of the Po-Ahtun.
In our own kiva must that be spoken of, and not in another place.
A messenger from thekiva approached and spoke to Yahn, and she came to the Spaniards with a message.
What thoughts do you think that you lie still like a kiva snake with your eyes open?
I thank you, and my mother will thank you," he said with his eyes on the stones of the kiva lest the men see that his eyes were wet.
Then, angry in his heart with everybody--he went to the kiva of his clan where all the boys and the men slept--and the sun was high and even the youngest boy had gone out to eat before he wakened and looked on the world.
Tahn-té breathed on the hand of the old men, and went up from the kivainto the cool night of the early summer.
The Snakes in theKiva at Mashonganavi, after the Ceremony of Washing.
At onekiva he will swell up and "burst"; at another, a great horn will grow out from his forehead and he will die in horrible agonies.
Snake and Antelope priests meet in the kiva of the latter.
These two act as chorus in the kiva when the fire is made, but the sacred flame is kindled by the latter two societies.
At another kiva it was an agave stalk, at one end of which were attached several crane feathers and a circlet of corn husks.
The ceremonies of the Antelope kiva for the succeeding days consist of the making of bahos, or prayer sticks, ceremonial smoking, praying, and singing.
When not otherwise occupied it is no uncommon sight to see in a kiva a Hopi weaver squatted before his rude loom, making a dress for his wife or daughter, or weaving a ceremonial sash or kilt for his own use in one of the many dances.
It is in the Snake kiva that the snake charm liquid is made.
The Antelope Priests leaving theirKiva for the Snake Dance.
In a moment thekiva rings with the fierce yells of the Hopi war-cry, while the priest vigorously stirs the mixture in the basket.
Whenever ceremonies are about to take place in the kivas the chief priest puts in place on the ladder-poles or near the hatchway of each participating kiva a sign of the fact, called the natchi.
On another page is the fruition of my faith, in the first photograph ever made of the snakes of a Hopi kiva after the ceremony of washing.
The yellow beans are carried to theKiva of the North, the blue beans to the Kiva of the West, the red to the Kiva of the South, the white to the Kiva of the East, the all color to the Kiva of the Heavens, the black to the Kiva of the Earth.
For this ceremonial the godparents and the boys assemble in the Kiva of the North.
Kiva was, when I got out, tied up, talking nineteen to the dozen; and so was every one else; and a lady was working up white clay in a pot.
Kiva says, women will be women, and he had gone off to sleep thinking the affair had blown over and the bill renewed for the time being.
Wiki and Kiva did their best to teach me the trade.
Kiva grunted feelingly, and raised up his hands and held them just off touching Pagan, and we breathed again.
It seems Kiva had come on, after his meal, before the others, and seeing the elephants, and being a born hunter, had crawled like me down to look at them.
The only white man who had been here before in the memory of man, was a French officer who paid Kiva six dollars to take him somewhere, I was told--but I could not find out when, or what happened to that Frenchman.
The section between the walls was then backfilled with earth or rubble to the level of the kiva roof.
Usually the kiva roofs have collapsed, but in Square Tower House two kivas have the original roofs almost intact.
There are no streets or passageways as at Spruce Tree House and Cliff Palace, and no open spaces except on the kiva roofs.
The conviction that each kiva denotes a distinct social unit, as a clan or a family, is supported by a general similarity in the masonry of the kiva walls and that of adjacent houses ascribed to the same clan.
It might indicate that each clan had a small kiva of its own but that in the major ceremonies, when all of the clans worked together, the large ceremonial room was used.
It is believed that each clan had its own kiva, and it will be noted that in almost every case the kiva is surrounded by a group of living rooms.
CEDAR TREE TOWER Hidden in the timber about one-half mile east of the main entrance highway, and a mile north of Spruce Tree Camp, are a tower and kiva of especial interest.
When the flat kiva roof was added a level court resulted.
From the fact that these usually occur on the cliff above the kiva roofs, they may be regarded as connected in some way with a religious symbolism.
The kiva was a combination ceremonial, club, and workroom for the men.
After the kiva walls were built the extra space was filled in with trash and dirt.
This kiva is not only one of the best preserved, but also one of the most instructive in Square Tower House, since half of the roof, with the original cribbing, is still in place, extending completely around the periphery.
The structural details of the large kiva are identical with those of the smaller ones.
Another difference indicating development is the decrease in the number of kivas, and the construction of a single very large kiva in the middle of the building.
The kiva walls of Cliff Palace show some of the finest prehistoric masonry in America.
Between the outer and the inner D are passages and rooms, and at one end a third kiva is surrounded by rooms, one of which is circular.
The main kiva formed part of a compact little group of rooms, of which it occupied the front, and appears to have been inclosed by a curved wall of rough construction.
All the heavy walls occur either about the kiva or east of it.
In the example illustrated no traces of a kiva can be found, but the almost complete destruction of the walls might account for this.
West of the kiva there are remains of other stone walls which differ in character from those on the east.
But the remains of the circular kiva at the foot of the lower ledge show plainly that there were at one time some habitations here.
Cushing has observed in Zuñi a ceremony, part of which is the refinishing of the kiva interior, and this occurs only once in four years.
At the top of the talus, over 200 feet above, there is another ruin, which was probably only an outlook, as no trace of a kiva can be found, and it is possible that the lower site was connected with and formed part of the upper one.
A triangular block which formed the junction in front of this kiva and the central one has slipped down and new walls were afterward built to restore the kivas to their original shape.
The exterior wall of the main kiva on the northwest side is very rough.
On the southeastern side, at the point where the kiva comes nearest the edge of the cliff, there was a narrow opening or doorway not more than 15 inches wide.
The kiva wall on the floor level is always continuous except before the chimney-like feature.
The western wall of the western kiva is part of the rectangular system and was apparently in place before the kiva was built.
She groped about, hoping to find someone who would tell her where she was and direct her to Kiva Street.
She asked her way to the nearest station, which was Notting Hill; here she took a ticket to Hammersmith and then walked to Kiva Street, where she knocked at the familiar door.
The first name was a Mrs Ellis, who lived at 20 Kiva Gardens.
As Mavis walked back to Kiva Street, she asked herself the question that Miss Nippett had asked her, "Was she ambitious?
It was just another such an evening that she had looked into the sky from the window of Mrs Ellis' on the first day of her stay on Kiva Street.
The month of November would have been a favorable one for the destruction of the town for the reason that during this time the warriors would all be engaged in secret kiva rites.
No chimneys were found, the smoke, as is the case with that from kiva fires today, doubtless finding an exit through the hatchway in the roof.
The rectangular kiva is the ancient form, or rather the original form; the round kiva is not a development from it, but an introduction from an alien people.
The round kiva appears to be confined to the middle and eastern ruins of the pueblo area, and are very numerous in the ruins of San Juan valley.
Originally, I believe, the same was true in the case of other ceremonials, and that the kiva was of comparatively recent introduction into Tusayan.
Incidentally, it may be said that I have never seen priests use chairs in any kiva celebration; nor do they have boxes to sit upon.
If a kiva was a feature in southern cliff houses, which I doubt, it appears to have been a rectangular chamber similar to a dwelling room.
A ring of meal sometimes drawn on the floor of a kiva is called a "house," and a little imagination would easily identify these with the mythic houses of the sky-bird, but this interpretation is at present only fanciful.
Apparently when the surface wall became blackened by smoke it was renewed by a fresh layer or wash of adobe in the manner followed in renovating the kiva walls today.
The round kiva has been regarded as a survival of the form of the original homes of the nomad, when he became a sedentary agriculturist by conquest and marriage.
On his death his place in the kiva was taken by Katci.
When the roof was intact above the chamber, there must have been little evidence of the existence of the subterranean room; perhaps a ladder protruding from a center hole in the roof was the only conspicuous indication of the kiva below.
The kiva rituals practiced today are traditional in the highest degree, and in all likelihood have descended in their basic form from centuries-old origins.
In its present and partially restored state, this kiva shows the butt ends of six roof columns similar to those which once bore the load of the roof, as well as the stub ends of roof stringers.
A restored kiva of very different type may be found up the canyon nearly a mile.
The large kiva previously mentioned is a short distance east of Tyuonyi, very nearly in the center of the widest part of the canyon floor.
Illustration: Tyuonyi Ruin, with the Big Kiva at left rear, and the trees of the campground at top of the picture.
Although this particular kiva does not show evidence of mural paintings, it does still contain scratched designs in the plaster, unidentifiable because covered in part by later replastering.
Here also is the excavated remnant of the largestkiva found anywhere in the Pajarito country--a chamber which perhaps was the community center of religious practice for the entire canyon.
Illustration: Park ranger and visitors at the Big Kiva in Frijoles Canyon.
The restoration work in this kiva was accomplished by the Civilian Conservation Corps, which was responsible for much valuable work in the monument during the late 1930's.
The character of the ashes indicates that logs were not used as firewood, but that the prescribed kiva fuel was, as at Walpi, small twigs or brush.
The form and structure of kiva W indicate that this room also may be classed as of the same type.
It may be theoretically supposed that originally the kiva quarter was an annex of this section and that some of the kivas in this quarter may also have been owned and used by the clans which founded Cliff Palace.
KIVA N The height of kiva N is 7 feet 4 inches, and that of the pilasters 5 feet 4 inches.
KIVA U The form of kiva U is round, and its height is 7 feet 6 inches.
KIVA R In shape this kivais oval below and square above, without pilasters or other evidences of a roof.
This side of the kiva is blackened by smoke antedating the construction of the room.
Room 35, situated on the same level as the kiva roof, has no window, but there is an opening directly intokiva H.
The suggestion that a kiva of the second type is simply an unfinished form of the first type has little to support it, but whether the architectural difference in the two types has any functional importance or meaning is unknown.
From the main entrance to the ruin, extending northward, there are representations of the second and third terraces, both of which extend to the cliff in front of kiva U.
The method of roofing a kiva of the subtype may be clearly observed in the kiva of Scaffold House in the Navaho National Monument.
On the level of what was formerly the roof of this kiva was set into the roof a vase covered with a flat stone and containing desiccated bodies of lizards.
The banquette is 4 feet high, and the interior diameter of the kiva is 12 feet.
When the Hopi isn't spinning or weaving, he is in hiskiva praying for rain, or he is in the field keeping the crows from his corn.
The roof of thekiva is supported by great, heavy beams, which are brought from the San Francisco Mountain with infinite trouble and labor.
If one knows no better than to try to pry into kiva ceremonies, he is courteously but firmly told to move along.
He gave Tiyo part of everything in the kiva as well as two maidens clothed in fleecy clouds, one for his wife, and one as a wife for his brother.
The sipapu seen today in the floor of the kiva or ceremonial chamber symbolizes the passage from which all mankind emerged from the underworld, so all the Hopi agree.
After a series of adventures, among which he joined the sun in his course across the sky, he was introduced into the kiva of the Snake people, men dressed in the skins of snakes.
These are the stories that never grow old; in the kiva and at the fireside they live on, for these are the vital things on which Hopi life is built.
Within the kiva the interminable rites go on, and daily the cycle of songs accompanied with flutes is rehearsed.
The kiva rituals are rich in symbolism and last eight days, if young men are to be initiated, otherwise four.
There is an expectant hush and then come the Snake priests, up from their kiva in grim procession, marching rapidly and with warlike determination.
So when evening came, he waited for it to get dark, then he started for the kiva of the big Snake.
After an interesting interchange of ceremonies, the Flute priests return to their kiva to prepare for the public dance on the morrow.
The priests, in returning, divested themselves of all their ceremonial paraphernalia, and washed the paint from their bodies, before returning to the kiva and drinking the emetic.
These come from their kiva to the south of the dance plaza, and, as they arrive, all sounds are hushed and all attention concentrated upon them.
But at first I slept in the kiva with Tse-tse-yote.
I smelled Diné going up the wall and slipped back in my hurry, but as I came over the roof of the kiva a tumult broke out in the direction of Pitahaya's house.
Kokomo was furious at having the management of his kiva taken out of his hands, and Tse-tse knew it.
Half-awake, Tse-tse would come groping to find me until he trod on one of the others by mistake, who would dream that the Diné were after him and wake the kiva with his howls.
When Tse-tse-yote took me to sleep with him in the kiva of his clan, Kokomo, who was head of the kiva, objected.
When he was old enough to leave his mother and sleep in the kivaof his clan, he took me with him, where I have no doubt, we made a great deal of trouble.
Preliminary ceremonies are conducted in the secret Kiva several days preceding the public dance.
Owing to a misunderstanding of its true meaning, and because of misconduct in the past on similar occasions, notice is posted on the Kiva asking visitors to abstain from loud laughing and talking.
The snakes are carried in a bag or jar from the Kiva to the Kisa, built of cotton-wood boughs on one side of the plaza, where the snakes are banded out to the dancers.
The Kiva is an underground chamber that is cut out of the solid rock, and is entered by a ladder.
The great kiva connected with the larger of the two dwellings revealed one of the essential characteristics of such structures when the débris which filled it was removed.
A priest entered the snake kiva and passed a snake out to a priest dancer.
From the top of the ladder that extends above the kiva opening, a bunch of turkey feathers hung, notifying outsiders that lodge was in session and that no visitors would be welcome.
This arrangement of one large kiva and several small ones is common.
In the center of this mass of rooms is a kiva 32 feet in diameter, and around it are three smaller kivas.
Just back of the wall of this deep recess is a vertical shaft that leads down to meet a horizontal shaft that opens into the kiva just above the floor.
Kiva A is particularly instructive on account of the good preservation of its roof.
It may be noted that in almost every case the kiva is surrounded by a group of living rooms.
Kiva B is the largest ceremonial chamber in Square Tower House, measuring 16 feet 9 inches in diameter over all.
On the south side of the kiva the banquette is wider between two of the pilasters than anywhere else around the room.
This was probably a dwelling room, for a kiva would hardly be located in this place.
The largest court was nearly in the center of the village, and within it (as shown, on the plan) there are traces of a small single-room structure that may have been a kiva of sacred chamber.
Footnote 4: The kiva is the assembly chamber, termed estufa in some of the older writings, particularly those of the early Spanish explorers.
One of these, situated in the main or central court, has already been referred to as probably the remains of a kiva or sacred chamber.
In continuation of the kiva building process, the tops of the walls are brought to an approximate level.
In order to make clearer the relative positions of the various features of kiva construction that have been described several typical examples are here illustrated.
Mr. Stephen has made a series of typical kiva measurements, which is appended to this section, and comparison of these with the plans will show the relation of the examples selected to the usual dimensions of these rooms.
Once every year, at the feast of Powuma (the fructifying moon), the women give the kivathis same attention.
In the main floor of the kiva there is a cavity about a foot deep and 8 or 10 inches across, which is usually covered with a short, thick slab of cottonwood, whose upper surface is level with the floor.
There is also much informal visiting among them, but a man presumes to make a loitering place only of the kiva in which he holds membership.
In the discussion of the details of kiva arrangement in Tusayan (p.
It is not improbable that the first suggestion of inclosing the round kiva in a square-walled structure and of covering the latter with a flat roof arose quite naturally long before the cliff dwellers descended into the plains.
Hence, as might be expected, in the more southerly cliff dwellings belonging to more recent pueblos no kiva is ever found.
The above list will hopefully give you a few useful examples demonstrating the appropriate usage of "kiva" in a variety of sentences. We hope that you will now be able to make sentences using this word.
