It must not be forgotten that only the members of the fraternity engaged in the ceremonies are permitted to enter the kivas when the rites are being performed.
Indeed, no other Hopi can be prevailed upon to approach anywhere near these kivas whilst the symbol which denotes that the ceremonies are being conducted is displayed.
So he commanded his people to go into the valleys and capture them, bring them to the kivas and wash them and then dance with them.
I have already referred to and described the kivas or underground ceremonial chambers, where many of their rites are performed.
The kivas are generally hewn out of the solid rock, or partially so, and are from twelve to eighteen feet square.
Whenever ceremonies are about to take place in the kivas the chief priest puts in place on the ladder-poles or near the hatchway of each participating kiva a sign of the fact, called the natchi.
The natchis of two of the kivas in the New Fire ceremony held in Walpi in 1898 were sticks, about a foot long, to the ends of which bundles of hawk feathers were attached.
Some of the houses are three stories high, and there are quaint, narrow alley-ways, queer dark tunnels, and underground kivas as at Walpi.
It has yet to be shown that there were special kivas in prehistoric Tusayan.
In all the inhabited Tusayan pueblos the kivas are separated from the house clusters and are surrounded by courts or dance plazas.
No ruins of circular dwellings occur in the Gila-Salado drainage area, where likewise no circular kivas have been observed.
A somewhat similar elevation of the floor in modern Tusayan kivas forms what may be called the spectator's part, in front of the ladder as one descends, and the same feature is common to many older Hopi dwellings.
Near this hated "Singing-house" the slaughter began, soon extending to the kivasand the whole of the eastern section of the village.
Footnote 108: The replastering ofkivas at Walpi takes place during the Powamu, an elaborate katcina celebration.
No kivas were discovered, but if such exist they ought to be found in the mass of houses at the southern end.
No open spaces existed in the main or western mounds of Awatobi, and there was no place there for kivas unless the pueblo was exceptional in having such structures built among the dwellings, as at Zuñi.
There are also large planks in one of the kivas which were also probably from the church building, although no one has stated that they are.
Many of the school boys and girls from boarding-schools were home for vacation, but they knew little or nothing about the meaning of the different dances and ceremonies that were going on in a dozen underground kivas in the village.
Some time in the night I roused sufficiently to be glad that all stray rattlers, bull snakes, and their ilk were securely housed in the kivas being prayed over by the priests.
Yet one at least of the Oraibi kivas was built for the observances of a society of women, the Mamzrántiki.
Baholikonga got angry at this and turned the world upside down, and water spouted up through the kivas and through the fireplaces in the houses.
But the kivas, in all likelihood, occupied a more marginal position before such foreign influence was brought to bear on them, as do some of the kivas at the present time, and as is the general practice in other modern pueblos.
Here the kivas are six in number and the directions of all the examples are found to vary but a few degrees.
The three ground plans given are drawn to scale and represent kivas of average dimensions.
There are reasons for believing that the use of rectangular kivas is of later origin in the pueblo system of building than the use of the circular form of ceremonial chamber that is of such frequent occurrence among the older ruins.
The inside of these kivas, however, is usually plastered smoothly, but the interior plastering is applied on a base of masonry even in the case of the kivas that are wholly subterranean.
The presence of the sipapuh possibly at one time distinguished such kivas as were considered strictly consecrated to religious observances from those that were of more general use.
As has been pointed out above, the general plan of arranging the kivas is not so readily distinguished in Zuñi as in Tusayan.
It is possible that a class of kivas was designed for such ordinary purposes, though now one type of room seems to answer all these various uses.
In one of the newest kivas of Mashongnavi the plank of the sipapuh is pierced with a square hole, which is cut with a shoulder, the shoulder supporting the plug with which the orifice is closed (see Fig.
There seems to be but little structural evidence to distinguish the present kivas from ordinary large Zuñi rooms beyond the special character of the fireplace and of the entrance trap door, features which will be fully described later.
This is particularly noticeable in the kivas of Walpi on the mesa edge, but is apparent even in some of the Zuñi examples.
The twokivas of the village are built side by side, in contact, probably on account of the presence at this point of a favorable fissure or depression in the mesa surface.
Though I slept in the kivas and am called Kabeyde, Chief of the Four-Footed, I did not know all the tales of the Queres.
The kivas opened downward from a hole in the roof in memory of Shipapu.
Even as she spoke they could see the people coming out of the Cliff dwellings and the priests going into the kivas preparing for the journey.
The floors of the kivas are commonly of hardened adobe; unlike those of the Hopi kivas they are never paved with stones, but the natural rock often serves for that purpose.
The walls of most of the kivas, whether in front or in the rear, were greatly dilapidated and in all instances it was necessary to rebuild them to the level of the plazas in which the kivas are situated.
Although the height was much increased by the presence of huge foundation blocks of sandstone, from the lowest terrace to the highest room there were seven floor levels, including those of the kivas in the terraces.
Although this ground plan is an improvement on that of Nordenskioeld, it also was based on surface indications and naturally fails to indicate those kivas that were buried under the fallen walls of the terraces.
Although no pilasters were seen, the deep banquette on the northwestern side places it among the kivas of the first type.
Kivas of the subtype are similar to those of the second type in that pilasters are absent, but they differ from them in the presence of a large banquette and in the subterranean position, which features also characterize the first type.
KIVAS OF THE FIRST TYPE All kivas of the first type are constructed on the same general plan, the different parts being somewhat modified by surrounding conditions.
The largest cluster of kivas on the cave floor lies in the so-called plaza quarter, which takes its name from the open space occupied by the kivas in that section.
They ate with napkins, and had baths—a natural inference from any attempt to describe the stuffy underground rooms, the estufas orkivas of the Pueblos.
All references to hot rooms or estufas are of course to be construed to mean the kivas or ceremonial chambers.
Two of the kivas in Spruce Tree House have side entrances that lead to nearby rooms.
Even in the present-day villages the women are rarely ever allowed to enter the kivas because of the fact that the men take almost entire charge of the religious work.
Usually the kiva roofs have collapsed, but in Square Tower House twokivas have the original roofs almost intact.
When necessary, because of limited space or other conditions, kivas were also built far back in the cave and enclosed by a double wall of masonry, with the walls being spaced about two and a half to three feet apart.
The rooms surrounding these circular ones vary somewhat in form but are, as a rule, rectangular, the shapes of those near the kivas being triangular to fill the necessary spaces.
In the present-day kivas this hole is known as the "sipapu", and is considered to be the symbolic entrance to the underworld.
KIVAS Some of the best preserved circular ceremonial chambers (kivas) in the Southwest are to be seen in Square Tower House.
Following the plan of these original roofs, three of the kivas in Spruce Tree House have been reroofed.
KIVAS Twenty-two kivas are located in the cave and another, lying about 50 feet from the western end, and thought to have been used by men living in the cave, brings the total to 23.
The majority of the kivas belong to the pure type, distinguished by mural pilasters supporting a vaulted roof.
One of the kivas, has, in place of a deflector and ventilator shaft, a small rectangular walled enclosure surrounded by a wall, recalling structures on the floor of the kivas of Sun Temple.
One of the kivas has a semicircular ground plan with a rectangular room on the straight side.
In the cliff dwellings the kivas were necessarily small because of the limited floor space, but in the surface villages, where unlimited space was available, they were often large.
Evidences of a secondary occupation of one of thekivas in the lower house appear in a wall of crude masonry without mortar, part of a rectangular room built diagonally across the kiva.
Such altars are erected in connection with the sacred and secret ceremonies in underground rooms or kivas in the different Hopi villages.
She pointed toward one of the kivas at the far end of the shelf upon which they stood.
In addition to the two houses and seven small ceremonial chambers two great kivas were found.
The finding of these two great kivas was significant because investigations in the Southwest have shown that such structures are always associated with some form of the Chaco culture.
A third cluster, composed of smaller Mesa Verde-type keyhole kivas, is located near the southwestern corner of the pueblo, and Morris found scattered remains of one or two other kivas toward the front of the southwestern part.
Smaller kivas frequently had pilasters built upon the bench and extending upward a short distance; these supported the cribbed roof structure.
In the central plaza area several kivaswere dug and roofed over at ground level.
If there was such a thing at this time as the beginning of a priestly hierarchy among the Pueblo peoples, these tri-wall structures with their centralized kivas may have been the domiciles and religious quarters of this hierarchy.
Not counting the Great Kiva, which bulks so large in the plaza, excavations have revealed at least 29 other kivas or ceremonial chambers.
Great Kivas are fairly common in the Chaco area, but in the Mesa Verde vicinity they seem to be very rare.
Besides excavating many of the kivas enclosed within the pueblo rooms, Morris also excavated the large Chaco-like kiva in front of the northeast corner, as well as the Great Kiva which is centrally located on the south side of the plaza.
One or more other kivas might be located in, or front on, the small central plaza.
Large kivashad four centrally located posts which helped support the roof.
The kivas are seldom true circles, being usually elongated one way or another.
In front of these there were two kivas and perhaps other rooms.
The kivas are clustered in the lower end of the settlement, and all appear to have been inclosed within walls or other buildings.
Probably these small settlements with several kivas mark a late period in the use of outlying sites.
One well-defined room and two kivas still remain, and there are traces of other chambers.
That a similar condition prevailed in the kivas of De Chelly is shown by the smoke-blackened plaster of the interiors.
As thekivas in De Chelly are always circular, they can generally be easily distinguished.
The population could not have been greater than 10 or 12 persons, yet the remains of two kivas are clearly shown.
Only fragments of these now remain, but it can still be seen that both kivas had interior benches, and that the western one has been plastered with several successive coats--at least four.
There are but few wall remains, but two kivascan still be made out.
Both kivas had interior benches, and were of small size, plastered in the interior.
In the large ruins of Chaco canyon the kivas occur in groups arranged along the inner side of the rooms; always, where the ground plan is such as to permit it, arranged on the border of an inner court.
Kivas Kelly, he testified, had dined with him at his club on the fateful evening.
The inquest upon the body of Kivas Kelly was held upon the following day.
The man who played againstKivas Kelly--did you see him?
The butler, it was shown, had been in Kivas Kelly's employ for twenty years.
The men talked of it in thekivas of each clan, and the women talked all together, and were glad.
The largest of the cave kivas in the monument is a few hundred feet north of Tyuonyi, at the base of a fantastically eroded block of tuff.
The circular depressions still to be found in the plazas of the great communal houses are the remains of kivas with their roofs collapsed and with the wind-borne debris of centuries accumulated in the hollows.
A more complete discussion of kivas and their functions will be found on page 12.
Finally, a multiplicity of kivas is to be found in all the great houses of the period, as well as a number of Great Kivas embodying various elaborate altar features.
Of the thousands of kivas found throughout the ancient land of the pueblos, there are no others of this cave style.
Although details of the use of prehistoric kivas cannot be established, some ideas of their use can be inferred from the part that kivas play in the modern Pueblo religion.
Kivas were, and are, the ceremonial chambers of the Pueblo people; as such, they are universally present in the Pajarito communities and their design makes them identifiable even in the ruined state.
The local kivas were always round and were dug almost full-depth into the ground, except for certain examples which were excavated into the relatively soft bedrock of cliff or mesa-top.
Many such kivas were decorated with painted or incised designs on the plaster of the walls.
In the floors of some kivas are small holes representing symbolically the entrance to the underworld, and around these from time to time priests doubtless performed archaic ceremonies and communicated with the dead.
Several kivas which lack roof-supports may have been of different type or used for lesser ceremonials.
Possibly this practice has some bearing on the Pueblo requirement that the kivas should be at least partly excavated, a requirement still rigidly adhered to.
It is one of their big nine-day festivals, including secret rites in the kivas and a public dance at its close.
In the kivas (See Figure 4) the priests and old men will instruct the boys in the tribal legends, both historical and mythological, and in the religious ceremonies in which they are all later supposed to participate.
Baholikonga (big water serpent deity) got angry at this and turned the world upside down, and water spouted up through the kivas and through the fireplaces in the houses.
If this tradition is well founded, a knowledge of the Great Snake fetish of the two Hano kivas may have been brought by the Okuwun and Nan-towa into Tusayan from the same place as that of Palueluekon.
This latter term may be regarded as a general one applied to the assemblages of different families in all the kivas of the East Mesa at that time.
The altars or fetishes in the five Walpi kivas are as follows: The altar described in a former publication[18] is the most elaborate of all the Winter Solstice fetishes at Walpi, and belongs to the Patki and related clans.
Neither of the Hano kivas has a window, but each has a raised platform for spectators east of the fireplace.
Nothing, so far as known, has yet been published on the Tuntai altars of the eastern Tanoan people, but ethnographers may yet find in the kivas of those villages material which will render the above descriptions of comparative interest.
This study was begun with fair results, and before withdrawing from the kivas he was able to make a few observations on certain altars at Hano which had escaped him in the preceding year.
Both these semi-subterranean rooms are rectangular[22] in shape, and in structural details resemble the kivas of Walpi.
The orientation of the Hano kivas is not far from that of the other East Mesa kivas, or about north 44º west.
At any rate, in the still later kivasof the cliffs three parallel marks, extending from the tops of the walls to the floors, are found painted on the four sides of the kivas.
When the cliff dwellers became inhabitants of the plains, not only their towns, but also the kivas were enlarged.
Even in the present day villages the women are rarely ever allowed to enter the kivas because of the fact that the men take almost entire charge of the religious work.
One of the kivas has, in place of a deflector and ventilator shaft, a small rectangular walled enclosure surrounded by a wall, recalling structures on the floor of the kivas of Sun Temple.
The roofed-over kivas formed small open courts within the higher outside walls.
Not having to conform to the irregular contours of the cave as in the cliff-house type, the structure assumed a roughly rectangular shape in the open, with the kivas within, protected by the adjacent outside living and storage rooms.
Following the plan of these original roofs, three of the kivas in Spruce Tree House have been reroofed and upon descending the ladder into one of these the details of construction may be noted.
Oak Tree House has seven kivasand may be called a large cliff dwelling.
The two noteworthy features of Oak Tree House are the kivas and the remnant of the wall of a circular room made of sticks plastered with adobe but destitute of stone masonry.
When necessary, because of limited space or other conditions, kivas were also built far back in the cave and inclosed by a double wall of masonry, with the walls being spaced about two and a half to three feet apart.
They ingeniously constructed cold air passages down to the floor of the kivas near the fire bowl.
Years later, my rambles led me to Mesa Verde and the kivas of the cliff dwellers.
The Kōk-kō pass through the town and visit each kiva; they put the head of the serpent through the hatchway, that those who are privileged to assemble in the kivas may see the fetich.
From each of these kivas men and youths from the secret orders to which I have referred are assembled to receive the Kōk-kō.
In the two kivas mounds of sand have been laid for the Kōk-kō and each one sits upon his mound.
The method of suspending the loom is perhaps worth a moment's notice, as in nearly every house and in all kivas special provision is made for its erection.
This plaza is on the west side of the village, and one of the kivas is of special interest, for in it are held the secret rites of the weird snake ceremony.
If you will descend into one of the kivas on almost any day of the year, except when the secret rites of ceremonies are being held, you will behold an industrious and an interesting scene.
Oraibi has the largest number of kivas of any of the Hopi pueblos; in a single plaza there are no less than four kivas.
The above list will hopefully give you a few useful examples demonstrating the appropriate usage of "kivas" in a variety of sentences. We hope that you will now be able to make sentences using this word.
