The term is applied to the four elements fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine, on account of the great similarity of their sodium salts to ordinary sea-salt.
Compounds of fluorine and oxygen, and of bromine and oxygen, have not yet been isolated.
After about a quarter of an hour the bromine is evolved in the form of vapour, which becomes condensed by being made to pass through a leaden worm cooled in water, and is finally collected as liquid bromine in Woolff's bottles.
This is at first rather active, there being an abundant evolution of hydrobromic gas, and some vapour of bromine and undecomposed camphor.
The crude bromine so obtained is purified by redistillation in glass retorts.
The chlorine unites with the potassium, forming chloride of potassium and liberating an equivalent quantity of bromine in so doing.
The bromine forms a stratum beneath the water, and may be collected and at once put into a stoppered bottle; or it may be further purified by distillation from dry chloride of calcium.
Bromine is sometimes contaminated with chlorine, iodine, and occasionally bromide of carbon.
To remedy this the stones had to be coated with tar, a process which entailed a very serious loss of bromine, from the formation of bromine compounds with the hydrocarbons of the tar, as well as a contamination of the bromine with the tar.
A fine stream of bromine is then allowed to fall upon the powder with continual agitation; the addition of bromine ceases when the camphor is liquefied.
The compounds of bromine are also largely used in photography in the manufacture of certain coal-tar colours, and in scientific chemistry the solution has also been used as a lotion.
Frank says it cannot be concentrated to the above extent, because of a waste of bromine resulting from the formation of hydrobromic acid produced by the decomposition of the lye, owing to its being overheated at the bottom of the pan.
Large quantities of bromine are extracted from the mother liquor of carnallite, a double chloride of magnesium of potassium occurring in enormous quantities in a bed of clay in the neighbourhood of Stassfurt, near Magdeburg.
The bromide of iron so produced is either converted into other metallic bromides by the usual processes, or the bromine is obtained in a separate state from the iodide by treatment with sulphuric acid and bichromate of potash.
Chlorine may be detected by adding a small quantity of the suspected bromine to some warm solution of potash in a capsule, evaporating, drying the residue, and distilling with bichromate of potash and sulphuric acid.
An excess of bromine water is added, and the mixture boiled to expel carbon dioxid and bromine.
Alcohol, which solution is mixed with a solution of Bromine and Spirits of Phosphorus which are combined with the base and aromatics.
Another portion of the residue is dissolved in a few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid, and the solution stirred with a glass rod moistened with bromine water: in presence of digitaline a violet-red color is produced.
In case the bromine has been converted into a bromide, it is necessary to boil the alimentary canal and the articles of food contained therein with water.
In case bromine exists in a free state at the time the autopsy is made, its presence will be detected by the reddish color and unpleasant odor it possesses.
The liberatedbromine is dissolved by the ether, which acquires a reddish-yellow color.
In case iodine is also contained in the fluid, and the detection of bromine is desired, it is necessary to acidulate the solution with hydrochloric acid, and then shake it with chloride of lime and bisulphide of carbon.
Upon adding chlorine-water and ether to a portion of the fluid, and shaking the mixture, the bromine is liberated and is dissolved by the ether.
If potassa is then added to the solution, it combines with the bromine and, upon evaporating the decanted fluid, calcining the residue, and treating it with water, a solution of bromide of potassium is obtained.
In this manner, the presence of potassa and soda, and of bromine and iodine, even in mixtures, is easily ascertained.
So we may conclude that bromine vapor also does not undergo any allotropic condensation when subjected to the influence of a silent discharge of electricity.
The fact that oxygen gas is capable of undergoing condensation while chlorine and bromine are not is easily explained.
Vernon, in the Chemical News, that other elementary gases, as chlorine and bromine vapor, might undergo an analogous change when subjected to the same treatment.
It is especially characterized by the bright-colored compound it forms with either chlorine or bromine, so that for a long time it went by the mystical name of the “bromine body.
This constitutes the usual test for its presence, a little bromine water, for example, quickly bringing out a violet color when added to a fluid containing the chromogen.
Although he at once put his hand into water, wherever the bromine had touched it a blister was formed in a few seconds--a blister which one could not better describe than by saying, "the skin puffed up.
Langlois had wished to pour some bromine into a bottle.
He had done this clumsily, so that some of the bromine flowed on to his left hand, which held the funnel, and at once burnt him severely.
Water has a greater specific heat or heat-absorbing capacity than any other known substance (bromine and hydrogen excepted) and its specific heat is the basis for measurement of the capacity of heat absorption of all other substances.
It is imperative that the bromine used should be pure, as crude bromine frequently contains bromoform.
Bromine solution is added drop by drop until the slight coloration is permanent, excess of bromine being got rid of by boiling for a minute or two with a little more caustic potash.
The flask is connected with a long reflex condenser, and is also fitted with a dropping funnel containing a solution of bromine in potassium bromide (200 grms.
Further, its high molecular weight and large percentage of bromine conduce to accurate results, 58 grms.
It is very readily formed by the action of bromine and potash on acetone, and although very volatile in steam, it is not liable to loss due to its own evaporation.
The bromine solution is allowed to flow into the mixture until it has acquired a faint yellow tinge, the flask and its contents being then heated on the water bath at about 70° C.
It may be here observed that no acetone can be detected in the distillate by means of the mercuric oxide test, and free bromine is also absent.
The domestic source of bromine is principally in certain subterranean brines found in the United States, these solutions containing bromine in its compounds.
Most of the tear gases had bromine bases; so it was early determined that we should have to increase the American supply of bromineconsiderably if we were to meet our gas-warfare requirements.
It is then only necessary to brominate the benzyl cyanide by treating it with bromine vapor.
Bromine is a deep red liquid which boils at 63° C.
The bromine gases were not poisonous in the sense of being killers, but were merely highly irritating to the membranes of the eye.
If a second cylinder is first evacuated, and the bromine bulb is broken ‹in vacuo›, the vapor is seen to fill the cylinder instantly, the high velocity of the bromine molecules being thus revealed.
The tube containing the trichlordibromide is found to be much more intensely colored by free bromine than that containing the pentabromide.
The velocities of the two opposite reactions would be no longer equal, the combination of trichloride with bromine would be accelerated by the increased concentration of the former.
On the other hand, if a solution of bromine in chloroform is covered with water, bromine enters the water (‹exp.
Ferric bromide, FeBr3, is obtained as dark red crystals by heating iron in an excess of bromine vapour.
Ferrous bromide, FeBr2, is obtained as yellowish crystals by the union of bromine and iron at a dull red-heat, or as bluish-green rhombic tables of the composition FeBr2.
Bromine is known to us as a product of certain saline waters, and a few specimens of natural bromide of silver have been examined.
Bromine is found in sea-water, although in extremely minute quantities, in a few saline springs, and in combination with silver; but we have no evidence to show that its uses are important in nature.
A substance analogous to chloranil but containing bromine in place of chlorine.
Either of two compounds, a chlorine derivative and bromine derivative, of hydroquinone, used as developers.
Poisoning induced by large doses of bromine and iodine or of their compounds.
It is now found, so reactive is the bromine atom in this compound, that the estimation may be accurately made by titration with silver nitrate according to Volhard's process, the crystals for this purpose being dissolved in dilute alcohol: 0.
Treatment with the halogens associated with alkaline processes of hydrolysis is the basis of the methods of Hugo Muller (bromine water) and Cross and Bevan (chlorine gas).
By action of brominein presence of water and CaCO{3} upon cotton.
Bromine occurs in sea water in appreciable amounts, as well as in some spring waters and many natural brines.
The best known and most widely used bromine salts are the silver bromide, used in photography, and the potassium bromide, used in medicine to depress the nervous system.
The chief center of thebromine industry in Europe prior to 1914 was Stassfurt, Germany.
During the war considerable quantities of brominematerials were exported to Great Britain, France, and Italy.
When natural salt waters evaporate, bromine is one of the last materials to be precipitated, and the residual "mother liquors" or bitterns frequently show a considerable concentration of the bromine.
During the war, large quantities of bromine were used in asphyxiating and lachrymating gases.
The bromine obtained from salt deposits in the eastern United States is doubtless of a similar origin.
The larger part of the world's bromine has come from the mother liquor resulting from the solution and fractional evaporation of these Stassfurt salts.
It is by reason of its contained bromineand iodine as safe medicinal elements, the Fucus vesiculosus acts in reducing fatness; these elements stimulating all the absorbent glands of the body to increased activity.
In common with the other Fuci it furnishes mannite, an odorous oil, a bitter principle, mucilage, and ash, this last constituent abounding in the bromine and iodine.
The broker was taken with such a fit of coughing he burst a blood-vessel, and the man who let the bromine out got away and never came back.
One of the boys took a bottle of bromine and opened it under the sofa.
Mr. Bingham obviated this evil by charging hydrate of lime with bromine vapour, which not only removed the trouble of condensation, but increased the sensitiveness of the prepared plate.
He took an immediate interest in the wonderful discovery, and made an improvement in the application of bromine vapour, which entitled him to the gratitude of all Daguerreotypists.
A bromide having a higher proportion of bromine than any other bromide of the same substance or series.
A yellow or brownish red dyestuff obtained by the action of bromine on fluoresce\'8bn, and named from the fine rose-red which it imparts to silk.
A bromide containing more than one atom of bromine in the molecule.
Chlorine, bromine and iodine decompose arsine readily, the action being most violent in the case of chlorine.
It burns in an atmosphere of chlorine forming the trichloride; it also combines directly with bromine and sulphur on heating, while on fusion with alkalis it forms arsenites.
The vapour density of bromine shows that its molecule is Br{2}.
The smaller store of energy in iodine and bromine is seen still more clearly in the relation of the halogens to hydrogen.
Bromine may be extracted on a large scale by a similar method, but it is simpler to add a small quantity of manganese peroxide and sulphuric acid to the mother liquid direct.
The oxygen compounds of bromine and iodine also present a very strong analogy to the corresponding compounds of chlorine.
Rive concludes, that bromine contains no iodine, but is an element analogous to iodine and chlorine.
Quantity of Brominein Sea-Water 466 7 Sale of Bromine ib.
Iodine colours a solution of starch blue, bromine renders a similar solution orange colour.
Rive has remarked a curious fact respecting the conducting power of fluids for electricity in the habitudes of bromine and water.
When bromine and iodine are combined, the former passes to the positive pole, and is consequently more negative than the latter; which accords with the observation of M.
It would appear that, in the sea-water of Trieste, the bromine is unaccompanied by any iodine, and the same is the case, according to M.
Dumas that bromine was a compound of chlorine and iodine should be considered as retracted, and that it should be so entered, upon the procès-verbal of the sitting.
Chlorine acts on it readily in the cold, brominenot so easily, and iodine only when the mixture is heated.
At the same time some bromine is set free, as may be seen from the red fumes which appear, and from the odor.
It occurs along with bromine in salt springs and beds, and is also found in Chili saltpeter.
On heating, thebromine distills over and is collected in the cold receiver.
By means of the stopcock the bromine is allowed to flow drop by drop into the flask, the reaction taking place without the application of heat.
When the water containing the bromine is heated, the liberatedbromine distills over into the receiver.
Hydriodic acid resembles the corresponding acids of chlorine and bromine in physical properties, being a strongly fuming, colorless gas, readily soluble in water.
By substituting bromine or iodine for chlorine the corresponding compounds of these elements are obtained.
As in the case of chlorine, bromine can be prepared by the action of hydrobromic acid (HBr) on manganese dioxide.
On passing a current of electricity through such waters the bromine is first liberated.
The above list will hopefully give you a few useful examples demonstrating the appropriate usage of "bromine" in a variety of sentences. We hope that you will now be able to make sentences using this word. Other words: alabaster; asphalt; mineral; silver
