Other tribes are composed of phratries, and each subtribe or phratry comprises a number of gentes.
In the Kansa tribe two gentes, the Large Hañga and the Small Hañga, form the phratry connected with war, though warriors did not necessarily belong to those gentes alone.
The exponent of the phratry was the tiyotipi or "soldiers’ lodge," which has been described at length by Dr Riggs.
The first phratry regulated the hunt and other tribal affairs during the autumn and winter; the second phratrytook the lead during the spring and summer.
With patrilineal descent they tend to occupy the tribal territory in such a way that each phratrybecomes a local group.
This he supposes to have been done by transferring one of the two classes from each phratry to the opposite one; and in the former discussion (Année Soc.
Associated with these class names are the following phratry names: (a) Kamilaroi, etc.
This divergent organisation of the classes (four or eight for the whole tribe) and totems (two groups for the whole tribe) can only be explained on the supposition that the phratry everywhere preceded the class organisation.
In the newly-discovered phratrynames of the eight-class tribes we have yet another instance of tripartite division.
The four-class are therefore simply a systematisation of the terms of kinship in use under the two-phratry system.
The phratry has the right and the duty to prosecute the death of a phrator, hence in former times the duty of blood revenge.
Just as several genres form a phratry so in the classical form several phratries form a tribe.
At the funeral of prominent persons the opposite phratry prepared the interment and the burial rites, while the phratry of the deceased attended the funeral as mourners.
Endorsement by the brother gentes was generally considered a matter of fact, but the gentes of the other phratry might oppose.
In the tribal council the sachems and chiefs of each phratry are seated opposite one another, every speaker addressing the representatives of each phratry as separate bodies.
These mysteries were celebrated among the Senecas by two religious societies that had a special form of initiation for new members; each phratry was represented by one of these societies.
In such a case the council of this phratry met, and if it maintained its opposition, the election was null and void.
According to Grote "all contemporaneous members of the phratry of Hekataeos were descendants in the sixteenth degree of one and the same divine ancestor.
In this manner the organs of the gentile constitution were gradually torn away from their roots in the nation, tribe, phratry and gens, and the whole gentile order reversed into its antithesis.
In the ball game onephratry plays against another.
Among many Indian tribes with more than five or six gentes we find three, four or more gentes united into a separate group, called phratry by Morgan in accurate translation of the Indian name by its Greek equivalent.
The phratry had an official head (phratriarchos) and also, according to De Coulanges, meetings and binding resolutions, a jurisdiction and administration.
The phratry is mentioned by Homer as a military unit in that famous passage where Nestor advises Agamemnon: "Arrange the men by phratries and tribes so that phratry may assist phratry, and tribe the tribe.
The districts of the phratry and the tribe received inhabitants who did not belong to these bodies and, therefore, were strangers in their own homes, although they were countrymen.
By totem law, among the Barkinji, a man might marry his daughter, who is neither of his phratrynor totem, but he never does.
Kangaroo phratry must marry into Emu, and Emu into Kangaroo.
It has often led to the loss and disappearance of the phratry names, which are forgotten, since the two sets of opposed class names do the phratry work.
Our children, with female descent, will be of phratry Eagle Hawk, of totem the mother's, and of generation and class name Carpet Snake.
Where phratry names are obsolete, and classes exist, he has only to ask, "What is your class name?
Where totem and phratry names only exist, a man has merely to ask a woman, "What is your phratry name?
One is in Eagle Hawk phratry (Mukwara), the other is in Crow phratry (Kilpara).
This arrangement, in course of time, is perhaps even borrowed, foreign phratry names and all, by distant groups hitherto not thus organised.
The phratry names in each case are, in the more primitive types of the organisation (which alone we are now considering) inherited from the mother.
Their children will be of phratry Crow, of totem the mother's, and of generation and class name Cat again; and so on for ever.
By the old rule, if Emu phratry had to marry into Shark phratry, the localities were at the extreme ends of the peninsula, north and south; the other two phratries were as far asunder as the cast of the peninsula is from the west.
But if the phratry rule be dropped, as Morgan says it was among the Iroquois, then people may marry into any totem kin except their own, and each totem kin becomes an "independent exogamous unit.
At present "the great majority" of members of each totem, among the Arunta, are in one phratryor the other.
In the latter case the myth exaggerates the present state of things, and puts all, not the great majority, of each totem in one phratry or the other.
Only one thing is clear to me, a Tlingit of the Wolf phratry can only marry a bride of the Raven phratry; a Tlingit of the Raven phratry can only woo a maiden of the Wolf phratry.
As I found out, and proved, in many Australian tribes the name of each phratry also occurs as the name of a totem kin in the phratry; so also it is among the Tlingit--teste Mr F.
Persons of the same clan or phratry (from eight to twelve phratries) may not intermarry.
In each phratry are totem kins, that is, kins named after animals, vegetables, or other things in nature.
Some members of the Wolf phratry assert a right to the Eagle crest.
The Horn House is so called because tradition connects this village with some of the people of the Horn phratry of the Hopituh or Tusayan.
There are very few representatives of this phratry existing now, and very little tradition extant concerning its early history.
The foregoing is the Water or Rain phratry proper, but allied to them are the two following phratries, who also came to this region with the Water phratry.
So the members of each phratry have their own store of traditions, relating to the wanderings of their own ancestors, which differ from those of other clans, and refer to villages successively built and occupied by them.
This is not the case with the splendidly preserved ancient pueblo of Kin-tiel, but the absence of such close historic connection is compensated for by its architectural interest.
But the phratry seems never to have reached so high a development among the Greeks as among the Romans and the early English.
This origin of the phratry is further indicated by the fact that the phratry does not always occur; sometimes the clans are organized directly into the tribe.
Here the senior clan in the phratrytends to keep the original clan-name, while the junior clans have been guided by a sense of kinship in choosing their new names.
The phratry was not so much a governmental as a religious and social organization.
The Greek phratry had a precisely analogous function.
Besides certain religious and social duties, and besides its connection with the punishment of criminals, the Mexican phratry was an organization for military purposes.
The phratry had acquired more functions than it possessed in the lower status.
The gentes in the same phratry are called brother gentes to each other, and those in the other phratry their cousin gentes, as among the other tribes.
Having neither gens nor phratry they were also without direct religious privileges, which were inherent and exclusive in these organizations.
But the phratric organization had a natural foundation in the immediate kinship of certain gentes as subdivisions of an original gens, which undoubtedly was the basis on which the Grecian phratry was originally formed.
Stephanus of Byzantium has preserved a fragment of Dikaearchus, in which an explanation of the origin of the gens, phratry and tribe is suggested.
He derived the origin of the gens from primitive times; but his statement that the phratryoriginated in the matrimonial practices of the gentes, while true doubtless as to the practice, is but an opinion as to the origin of the organization.
Moreover it appears that the phratry was universal, at least among the Ionian Greeks, leaving it probable that the curia, perhaps under another name, was equally ancient among the Latin tribes.
Throughout the early Grecian communities, the gens phratry and tribe were constant phenomena of their social systems, with the occasional absence of the phratry.
In such a case the phratry held a council, and then addressed itself to the other phratry to which it sent a delegation with a belt of white wampum asking for a council of the phratry, and for an adjustment of the crime.
We have seen that the phratry was not so much a governmental as a social organization, while the gens, tribe, and confederacy, were necessary and logical stages of progress in the growth of the idea of government.
It shows also that thephratry is founded upon the kinship of the gentes.
The Piba phratry is likewise said to have come to Walpi comparatively late in the history of the village, which fact points the same way.
The trees were of course planted there since the fall of the village, on land claimed by the Kokop phratry by virtue of their descent from the same phratral organization of the ancient pueblo.
The former phratry is not regarded as one of the earliest arrivals in Tusayan, for when its members arrived at Walpi they found living there the Flute, Snake, and Water-house phratries.
This conclusion is further substantiated by the statements of one of the oldest members of the Kokop phratry who frequently visited me while the excavations were in progress.
The consanguinity of this phratry may have been close to that of the Shoshonean tribes, as that of the Patki was to the Piman, or the Asa to the Tanoan.
Thus an oriental may believe that he is fated to die on a particular day; he believes that, whatever he does and in spite of all precautions he may take, nothing can avert the disaster.
His portrait groups, arranged somewhat after the manner of the Dutch masters, are as interesting from their subjects as they are from the artistic point of view.
To avoid the clash of law, all Cats had to go into onephratry or the other, either into Eagle Hawk or into Crow.
The Arunta reckon kinship in the male line: their phratry names they have forgotten, in place of phratries eight matrimonial classes regulate marriage.
In practice, where phratries exist, a man who knows a woman's phratry name knows whether or not he may marry her.
Obviously no person can marry another of his or her own totem, because, in the phratry into which he or she must marry, no man or woman of his or her totem exists.
His children by her are of phratry Crow, of totem Black Duck.
We find tribes in which phratry and totem are inherited from the mother, but an additional rule prevails: the rule of "Matrimonial Classes.
Where class names exist (even though the phratry name be lost), a man who knows a woman's class name knows whether or not he may marry her.
The same arrangements exist among tribes which derive phratry and totem names through the father.
But we need more information as to the meanings of otherphratry names which have defied translation.
In each phratry are smaller sets of persons, each set distinguished by the name of some animal or other natural object, their 'totem.
But among the Euahlayi the phratry names mean 'light blood' and 'dark blood.
A child belongs to the same phratry as its mother.
The members of each phratry may not intermarry, and all persons of their totem are in their phratry and so are not marriageable to them.
They were barred by the phratry limit: persons of their totem were never in the phratry into which alone they could marry.
Groups emigrating from these took new totem names, while retaining the phratry name and connection with their mother clans, now phratries.
Elsewhere, again, eachphratry has four sections (we need not discuss here the tribes where none of these things exist).
Durkheim's, or my own, accounts for the phratry plus totem kins arrangement, without supposing the deliberate bisection of a hitherto undivided commune.
But it cannot have been so in the beginning, or the totem and phratry tabus on marriage would have had no occasion to exist.
However it came about (we suggest by dint of reflection on the totem and phratry restrictions), there is now an objection to intermarriage between persons 'of the same flesh.
But when it is a question of the paternal totem, or the totem properly so-called, this phratry is the one to which the totem does not belong; for the maternal totem, the contrary is the case.
In games, each phratry is the natural rival of the other (Howitt, Nat.
In other words, the phratry is like a species of which the clans are varieties.
A phratry is a group of clans which are united to each other by particular bonds of fraternity.
For example, when a Wakelbura of the Mallera phratry is buried, the scaffold upon which the body is exposed "must be made of the wood of some tree belonging to the Mallera phratry.
They imply that all the things thus classed in a single clan or a single phratry are closely related both to each other and to the thing serving as the totem of this clan or phratry.
It even seems that clans attributed by Howitt to the Kroki phratry are given to the Gamutch phratry by Mathews, and inversely.
In the first place, each generation in a phratry belongs to different clans from the immediately preceding one.
The things of one phratry are not profane for the other; both are a part of the same religious system (see below, p.
Among the Kaitish, if a man of the clan eats too much of his totem, the members of the other phratry have recourse to a magic operation which is expected to kill him (Nor.
At least one of his sons is among the totems included in the phratry to which he has given, or from which he has taken his name.
Only the members of the Uluuru phratry are qualified to celebrate the rite, but the members of the Kingilli phratry must decorate the actors, make ready the place and the instruments, and play the part of an audience.
Each phratry puts forward its best players, usually from six to ten on a side, and the members of each phratry assemble together, but on opposite sides of the field in which the game is played.
We must not forget that the most prominent way a phratryshows itself is in matters of religion, and in the play of social games.
The forces of each phratry went out to war as separate divisions.
The Mexican phratry was largely concerned with military matters.
We would further suggest that, if this was the seat of a tribe, each of the two divisions might have been the location of a phratry of the tribe, by a phratry, meaning the subdivision of a tribe.
It is sufficient to state the words gens, and phratry simply denote subdivisions of a tribe.
The members of each phratry watch the game with eagerness, and cheer their respective players at every successful turn of the game.
It is somewhat difficult to understand just what the rights and duties of a phratry were.
Among the Iroquois the phratrywas apparent chiefly in religious matters, and in social games.
Whether the clan or the phratry preceded in time it is hardly possible to determine--clans may have united to form a larger group, or an original group may have been divided into clans.
When a tribe contains several clans it is commonly divided into groups (phratries), each phratry including certain clans, and the rule then is that a man shall not marry a woman of his phratry.
The most important painting of the face was that of the dead when placed in state awaiting cremation, and this represented the crest of the phratry rather than one of the assumed emblems of the family or subdivisions.
Although marriages generally follow the above rules, yet in certain cases Murri can marry Butha, and Kubbi may take Ippatha as his spouse— a similar liberty being allowed the men of phratry B.
Each phratry has attached to it a group of totems, consisting of animals and inanimate objects.
Both in Athens and Rome there was a division known as phratry or curia.
A young Athenian was presented to thephratry by his father, who swore that the boy was his son.
The bond which united thephratry or curia was precisely the same as that of the gens or clan and the city.
At Athens on feast-days the members of the phratry assembled round their altar.
Out of this was developed the phratry or brotherhood, in which were included alike noble families, peasants and craftsmen, united by a common worship and responsibilities and a common customary law (themis).
Outside the self-sustaining phratry was the stranger, including the wayfarer and the vagrant; and partly merged in these classes was the beggar, the recognized recipient of the alms of the community.
On the other hand, every youth was registered in his phratry, and the phratry remained till the reforms of Cleisthenes (509 B.
The phratry was, and became afterwards still more, "a natural gild.
