At times tribes split up and separate, and againphratries or distant groups meet and band together.
Near these houses is a large rock on which was painted the rain-clouds of the Water phratry, also a man carrying corn in his arms; and the other phratries also painted the Lizard and the Rabbit upon it.
In the following table the earlyphratries (nyu-mu) are arranged in the order of their arrival, and the direction from which each came is given, except in the case of the Bear people.
It is surprising that even the social division of the phratries is preserved.
The tribe to-day seems to be made up of a collection or a confederacy of many enfeebled remnants of independentphratries and groups once more numerous and powerful.
The classification and account of the Pueblo phratries and gentes form an important contribution to anthropology, and the discussion upon the origin and use of the kivas is more explanatory and exhaustive than any before made on that subject.
A second institution attributed to Theseus was the division of the entire nation into three classes regardless of the gentes, phratries and tribes: eupatrides or nobles, geomoroi or farmers, and demiurgoi or tradesmen.
As the Greeks at the time of the heroes, so the Romans at the time of the so-called kings lived in a military democracy based on and developed from a constitution of gentes, phratries and tribes.
In Attica there were four tribes of three phratries each; the number of gentes in each phratry was thirty.
Even the twelve phratries composing them seem to have had separate seats in the twelve different towns of Cecrops.
The phratry is mentioned by Homer as a military unit in that famous passage where Nestor advises Agamemnon: "Arrange the men by phratries and tribes so that phratry may assist phratry, and tribe the tribe.
In the epics of Homer we generally find the Greek tribes combined into small nations, but so that their gentes, phratries and tribes retained their full independence.
Closer investigation shows that these phratries generally represent the original gentes that formed the tribe in the beginning.
Just as several genres form a phratry so in the classical form several phratries form a tribe.
Hence we find the gentes of the same name differently grouped in the phratries of the different tribes.
The gentes, phratries and tribes, the members of which now were dispersed all over Attica and completely intermixed, had thus become unavailable as political groups.
Still later than the totem association the phratry seems to arise,' and the phratries are described as allied local totem groups.
Granting male kinship, the phratries of Herr Cunow's hypothesis might well have totem names, but he tries to show that phratry names are usually local; he gives seven cases out of which only two names of phratries are totemic.
But there seems to be direct evidence that both the phratries and subphratries actually retain, in some tribes, their totems.
The names of these phratries are totemic, and each phratry has its totem.
Footnote 2: This can hardly be, as the most backward tribes have phratries and totems, but no 'classes.
If the opinion be correct, the phratries of the Arunta, which regulate their marriages, were originally local totem groups.
Or were totem names given, nobody knows why, to the two phratriesat the time when the 'bisection' of the commune was made?
Usually each marriage group is again divided into two subclasses (subphratries), and the whole tribe is therefore divided into four classes; the subclasses thus standing between the phratries and the totem groups.
The camp circle[28] was divided into half circles and occupied by two phratries of four gentes each.
Therefore his prime object was to dissociate the clans and the phratries from politics, and to give the democracy a totally new electoral basis in which old associations and vested interests would be split up and become ineffective.
THE IOWA The Iowa camping circle was divided into two half-circles, occupied by two phratries of four gentes each.
To the former belonged two phratriesof two gentes each, i.
Throughout the latter part of the period of savagery, and the entire period of barbarism, mankind in general were organized in gentes, phratries and tribes.
These terms describe actual organizations; and they show that their military organization was by gentes, by phratries and by tribes.
The name of but one of the twelve Athenian phratries has come down to us in history.
Having a certain number of tribes, phratries and gentes by natural growth, the reduction of the last two to uniformity in the four tribes could thus have been secured.
When they established themselves in country or city, they settled locally together by gentes, by phratries and by tribes, as a consequence of their social organization.
But apart from this questionable precision of numerical scale, the Phratries and Gentes themselves were real, ancient, and durable associations among the Athenian people, highly important to be understood.
In the earlier period, the gens held its lands in common, the phratries held certain lands in common for religious uses, and the tribe probably held other lands in common.
The particulars with respect to the Chocta and Chickasa phratries I am unable to present.
On the contrary, the Hebrew account not only derives the twelve tribes genealogically from the twelve sons of Jacob, but also the gentes and phratries from the children and descendants of each.
These phratries form a tribe, and its members speak the same dialect.
The gentes, phratries and tribes still remained in full vitality, but with diminished powers.
Following the ascending organic series, we are next to consider the confederacy of tribes, in which the gentes, phratries and tribes will be seen in new relations.
In practice, where phratries exist, a man who knows a woman's phratry name knows whether or not he may marry her.
On these lines the prohibition to infringe the totem taboo by marriage within the totem name is intelligible, but the system of phratries has yet to be accounted for.
The tendency is for phratries first to lose the meanings of their names, and, next, for their names to lapse into oblivion, as among the Arunta; the work of regulating marriage being done by the opposed Matrimonial Classes.
When the two "primary clans" made alliance and connubium, they became the phratries in the local tribe, and their colonies became the totem kins within the phratries.
The Arunta reckon kinship in the male line: their phratry names they have forgotten, in place of phratries eight matrimonial classes regulate marriage.
By long-continued growth and repeated segmentation the primitive clan was developed into a more complex structure, in which a group of clans constituted a phratry or brotherhood, and a group of phratries constituted a tribe.
The four phratries were four divisions of the tribal host, each with its captain.
At Athens it took place in the month of Pyanepsion (October to November), and lasted three days, on which occasion the various phratries (i.
On the first day of the festival, called Dorpia or Dorpeia, banquets were held towards evening at the meeting-place of the phratries or in the private houses of members.
Usually the number of phratries is two, but in some cases (as among the Australian Arunta and adjoining tribes) these are divided so that there are four or eight exogamous groups (subphratries).
Where clan exogamy exists without phratries it is possible that these also formerly existed and have been dropped in the interests of freedom--that is, they limited the choice of a wife to an extent that proved inconvenient.
It necessitates a knowledge of the social composition of Walpi and of the history of the different phratries which make up the population of the village.
From time to time this settlement grew in size by the addition of the Ala, Pakab, Patki, and other phratries of lesser importance.
The division in gentes, phratries and tribes constituted in Rome for centuries the foundation of the military organization, and also of the exercise of the rights of citizenship.
Each of these components probably housed not more than a few families, while several phratries could readily be accommodated in Honanki.
KÜKÜCHOMO The two conical mounds on the mesa above Sikyatki are often referred to that ancient pueblo, but from their style of architecture and from other considerations I am led to connect them with other phratries of Tusayan.
Mr. Howitt, however, adds that "one totem to one totem" marriage is common in many tribes with phratries but without matrimonial classes.
We are aware of an arrangement which cannot have been accidental, which evaded a clash of laws, and involved the changing of their phratries by certain members of totem kins.
With development of social law, such animal-named sub-phratries might be utilised for the mechanism of the matrimonial classes.
That arrangement, as it is not found in the most primitive Australian tribes, which have only phratries and totems, must be later than phratries and totems.
The primary clans, as relations all round grow pacific, become the phratriesof a tribe, and the various colonies which had split off from a primary clan become totem kins in phratries.
In the same way, members of all other adjacent local groups could also come into Eagle Hawk and Crow phratries by merely dropping their local group-names, keeping their names by descent.
One argument, based on certain facts, has been advanced to show that the totem kins in the phratries are really the result of the segmentation of a "clan" into new clans with new totems.
Now in nearly all the cases where the phratries have a name whose meaning has been established, this name is that of an animal; it would therefore seem that it is a totem.
Among the Haida, all the gods and mythical beings who are placed in charge of the different phenomena of nature are classified in one or the other of the two phratries which make up the tribe just like men; some are Eagles, the others, Crows.
It is also the eagle-hawk and the crow which have given their names to the two phratries of the Ngarigo and the Wolgal.
This greater stability has even enabled the archaic system of phratries to maintain itself in America with a clearness and a relief no longer to be found in Australia.
In any case, there are no tribes in Australia where the number of phratries is greater than two.
It is the phratries which have served as classes, and the clans as species.
This theory was the more readily admitted because it was in accord with the rest of the mythology, where the totems of the phratries are generally considered enemies of one another.
As a rule then, the two phratries do not overlap each other; consequently, the list of totems which an individual may have is predetermined by the phratry to which he belongs.
The two animals serving the phratries as totems are frequently represented as in a perpetual war against each other (see J.
The carefully regulated way in which the totems and sub-totems are divided up, first between the two phratries and then among the various clans of the phratry, obviously presupposes a social agreement and a collective organization.
The fact that the names of the phratries are generally the same in very different tribes could not fail to facilitate this diffusion.
In addition to the phratries and clans, another secondary group is frequently met with in Australian societies, which is not without a certain individuality: these are the matrimonial classes.
Now it may be asked whether these classes do not sometimes have totems like the phratries and clans.
The division into gentes and phratries for centuries remained the foundation of military organization and the enactment of civic rights.
In the tables which follow the phratries and the classes of matrilineal tribes are arranged to show this correspondence so far as it is known.
From the fact that the totems are divided between the phratries it is clear that the local group may also have members of all the six totem kins mentioned above, among its members.
Over a considerable and compact area phratries alone are found without a trace of named classes, if we except the anomalous organisation recorded by Dawson in S.
Although we cannot determine the meaning of the names the quadripartite division of the Mallera-Wuthera[105] and allied phratriesin the north is evidence of a similar tendency.
But the result of the division of a tribe into two phratries is to prevent brother and sister marriage, while, so far as phratry rules are concerned, father and daughter are still free to marry in those tribes where the descent is matrilineal.
But to the relative age of classes and phratries we return at another point of our argument.
The Undekerebina[98] and Yelyuyendi[99] havephratries (No.
Attention has been called in connection with the phratries to the suffixes such as um, itch, aku[115], etc.
The phratries are (a) Wartungmat Munichmat The equivalence is unknown.
The Mohegan and Kutchin phratriescall for special notice.
By the old rule, if Emu phratry had to marry into Shark phratry, the localities were at the extreme ends of the peninsula, north and south; the other two phratries were as far asunder as the cast of the peninsula is from the west.
In his time the Tlingit, like a dozen South-Eastern tribes of Australia, had animal-named kins in animal-named exogamous intermarrying phratries with female descent.
The names of phratries and totem kins (I know no other word for them but totem kins or totem clans) descend in the female line.
The names of the phratries descend in the female line.
Where phratries with totem kins in them exist, no totem kin is or can be "an independent exogamous unit," except where one totem to one totem marriage prevails, as among certain Australian tribes.
They had two pairs of phratries of animal names: Emu.
Can we rely on Holmberg who described the state of affairs as it was fifty years ago, and who knew nothing, I presume, of Australian phratries and totem kins?
In each of their intermarryingphratries are two 'Matrimonial Classes,' each with its name, and these are so constituted that a member of the elder generation can never marry a member of the succeeding generation.
The phratrieshave thus no presiding animals, and in the phratries there are no totem kins of the phratriac names.
Say that the names of the phratries mean Eagle Hawk and Crow.
It is possible that among the above totemic gentes some are in fact phratries and not gentes; and the two fires (or tútka) of the Creeks are not real phratries, but formal divisions only.
Other Cha'hta traditions state that the people came from the west, and stopped at Nani Waya, only to obtain their laws and phratries from the Creator--a story made to resemble the legislation on Mount Sinai.
The above list will hopefully give you a few useful examples demonstrating the appropriate usage of "phratries" in a variety of sentences. We hope that you will now be able to make sentences using this word.
