An extremity may be greatly swollen because of the existence of chronic lymphangitis, influenza, or an acute septic infection occasioned by the introduction of pathogenic and aerogenic organisms.
This condition is truly a disease of young animals and, while it is a specific arthritis, the cause is yet to be attributed to any definite pathogenic organism with certainty.
For purposes of contrast we may indicate the characters of an open sore in which bacterial infection with pathogenic bacteria has taken place.
Other pathogenic organisms are also present and aid the specific bacillus in its action.
To increase the resisting power of the system to pathogenic organisms, an artificial leucocytosis may be induced by subcutaneous injection of a solution of nucleinate of soda (16 minims of a 5 per cent.
We are now only concerned with pathogenic bacteria--that is, bacteria capable of producing disease in the human subject.
Infection by disease-producing micro-organisms or pathogenic bacteria is, however, the most potent factor in disturbing the natural process of repair in wounds.
Of these, one of the most important is the presence of pathogenic bacteria, which by their action not only prevent healing, but so irritate and destroy the tissues as to lead to an actual increase in the size of the sore.
The deleterious effect of the abnormal quantity of gases on all the organs of the body is imperfectly understood at present, but will be better apprehended when we are able to study more minutely the pathogenic poisons of the human system.
We noted further that substances confined too long in receptacles decompose and generate pathogenic poisons, that is, poisons productive of disease; and that the intestinal reservoirs are no exception to this law of putrefactive changes.
Introduction to the Study of Pathogenic Fungi, Slime Fungi, Bacteria and Algae.
In no class of cases would the transmission of an acquired character superficially appear so probable as in those where power of resisting the attack of a pathogenic organism is acquired in the lifetime of the zygote.
If they were proved to enter from without, like pathogenic organisms, we should have to account for the extraordinary fact that they are distributed with fair constancy to half the gametes of the heterozygote.
Chagas, of Rio de Janeiro described a new species, Trypanosoma cruzi, pathogenicto man.
Some weeks later they evolve into the trypanosome forms, pathogenic for man.
This is now completely overshadowed by the fact that so many of these parasitic forms are more than simple parasites, they are transmitters of other microscopic parasites which are pathogenic to man.
The pathogenic organism may then actively penetrate, or may be inoculated by scratching.
This was long before the role of any insect as a carrier of pathogenic micro-organisms had been established, and before the Protozoa were generally regarded as of importance in the causation of disease.
In 1894, Colonel David Bruce discovered that the fly was not in itself poisonous but that the deadly effect of its bite was due to the fact that it transmitted a highly pathogenic blood parasite, Trypanosoma brucei.
In such cases an essential part of the life cycle of the pathogenic organism is undergone in the insect.
Other arthropods which may serve as simple carriers of pathogenic organisms.
The above cited work is of a general nature, but, especially in recent years, many attempts have been made to determine more specifically the ability of flies to transmit pathogenic organisms.
The insect is mentioned, however, for the reason that, occurring in such situations, it is one of the forms which are liable to carry pathogenic bacteria.
Among the pathogenic germs will be those of tuberculosis, contained in the sputum discharged in coughing or expectorating.
The colonies should be counted as late as possible; but even then the isolation of pathogenic germs is uncertain.
In sterilised water, and in very highly polluted water or sewage, pathogenic bacteria do not flourish.
But it is not alone for pathogenic germs that filtration is proposed.
Now, as we have pointed out, these organisms may act injuriously by some kind of cooperation, or they may by themselves be harmless, and pathological conditions be due to the occasional introduction of pathogenic species.
Pathogenic organisms and those nearly allied to them are found in sewage, but absent in sewer air.
Now, it is well known that, however much or little of this may be done, the specific action of pathogenic bacteria is of a different nature.
In the biological study of soil bacteria in particular may we expect in the future to find examples of association, even as already there are signs that this is so in certain pathogenic conditions.
When we come to turn to the micro-organisms which are pathogenic parasites we shall further have to keep clear in our minds that their action is double and complex, and not single or simple.
It will be admitted that this table exhibits much in favour of pasteurisation; yet the crucial test must ever be the effect upon pathogenic bacteria.
But closely allied to these matters connected with the rôle of pathogenic bacteria in soil is the question of what has been termed the miasmatic influence of soil.
There is no fixed standard for pasteurisation, except that it must be above the thermal death-point of pathogenic bacteria, and yet below the boiling-point.
Further, it has been tested as regards its action upon the pathogenic bacilli--those of tubercle and typhoid--with the result that these infective bacteria have been completely destroyed.
This may be a pathogenic organism--a disease germ--or it may be mechanical or chemical, external or internal.
Innumerable attempts have been made to discover the causative agent, and investigators have announced the finding of many of the lower forms of animal and vegetable life as the pathogenic factor.
So far as can be determined, this method is efficient in destroyingpathogenic bacteria.
The germs of typhoid, diphtheria, and tuberculosis are probably rendered harmless by such treatment, and these are the chief pathogenic bacteria of milk.
Pasteurized milk has been deprived of all its strictly pathogenic bacteria, and the germs still left will commonly have no opportunity to grow very much before the milk is consumed.
Of course, there are pathogenic bacteria that are not destroyed by this temperature, but they are not likely to occur in milk.
Pasteurized milk is not designed for keeping, and those who use it know that while the strictly pathogenic bacteria are killed the milk will not keep.
Pasteurization is found to be sufficient to destroy all the strictly pathogenic bacteria that are likely to be in milk.
Apart from his studies in objective localisation, Trousseau, as we have seen, recognised that the tic subject was mentally abnormal, but the credit of demonstrating the pathogenic significance of the psychical factor is Charcot's.
From the pathogenic and diagnostic point of view, the detection of conspicuous and persistent alterations in the reflexes is of deep significance.
It is still more frequent to meet with onychophagia, a condition rightly held to be a stigma of degeneration, and acknowledging the same pathogenic mechanism as all biting tics.
In some quarters no little importance is attached from the pathogenic point of view to the actual state of the muscles, and in particular to atrophy or hypertrophy of the sternomastoids.
As for the pathogenic mechanism of the sniffing tic, it is simple enough.
Instructive examples of this pathogenic process are furnished by the history of O.
This has been our reason for preceding our definitions by the results of clinical observation and pathogenic analysis.
Experimentally it has been proved pathogenic for rabbits and white mice.
Far from decreasing in virulence, however, as might be expected from its morphological appearance, this bacillus had so increased in its pathogenic activity that it produced generalized tuberculosis in a cow.
A microörganism which is supposed to act like a ferment in causing or propagating certain infectious or contagious diseases; a pathogenic bacterial organism.
It is ordinarily provoked by some foreign body, a pathogenic microbe, for instance, which has introduced itself into the place and spread its irritating secretion or cause of infection there.
Every one, we might say, is immune against some or other of the pathogenic microbes.
Like immunity belongs also to certain animal species, and if a microbe pathogenic to man or to some other species is injected into them they will resist it.
But doctors instinctively avoid all facts that are reassuring, and eagerly swallow those that make it a marvel that anyone could possibly survive three days in an atmosphere consisting mainly of countless pathogenic germs.
It never occurs to them that the particular pathogenic germ which they intended to introduce into the patient's system may be quite innocent of the catastrophe, and that the casual dirt introduced with it may be at fault.
But of even greater significance than all these bacterial dairy troubles is the risk of spreading disease which is furnished by milk contaminated with pathogenic micro-organisms.
But, in spite of remaining for the space of eight hours in these surroundings, they emerged triumphant, exhibiting no modification whatever either in their structure or pathogenic properties.
They hope in this way to foresee the new strains of pathogenic microbes that will occur naturally in order to breed resistant plants before the new diseases appear.
Because of thousands of pathogenic species, with hundreds of strains, it does not seem possible that the following questions could be answered about each one.
The region of the nose and mouth is obviously the happy hunting-ground of myriads of pathogenic bacteria.
Researches on the behaviour of some pathogenic organisms in the intestinal canal of Periplaneta americana with reference to the possible epidemiological importance of this insect.
Mercier (1906) isolated and cultured a pathogenic yeastlike parasite which had invaded the fat body and blood of Blatta orientalis.
In that paper (1957a) we concluded that cockroaches, being potential vectors of pathogenic agents, should not be regarded simply as minor annoyances.
These habitats are particularly important in view of the demonstrated migrations of cockroaches from sewers into dwellings and the possible dissemination of pathogenic microorganisms from feces to food.
Blatta orientalis, Europe (Filatoff, 1904): Organism pathogenicto cockroach when injected but not when fed.
Gier, 1947): Organism not pathogenic to the cockroach when injected.
Blatta orientalis, France (Picard and Blanc, 1913): The organism was pathogenic to B.
Cockroach, France (Roubaud and Descazeaux, 1923): Organism pathogenic to cockroach when injected.
Possibly pathogenic microorganisms can be used for biological control of cockroaches; this approach seems to have been little explored.
Blatta orientalis, Europe (Filatoff, 1904): Organism pathogenic to the cockroach when injected but not when fed.
They embrace and enfold the pathogenic germs with which they come in contact by what is known as an ameboid force.
It appears indeed to reinforce the poison formed by pathogenic organisms.
They are more highly pathogenic for the lower animals than is the typhoid bacillus, but apparently somewhat less pathogenic for man.
Other cases are due to pathogenic bacteria derived from diseased animals, and these bacteria are often, possibly always, of a slightly different character (B.
It is still unsettled whether both types of food poisoning bacteria are always associated with disease processes of man or animals, or whether they are organisms of wide distribution which may at times acquire pathogenic properties.
Inoculation experiments showed it to be pathogenic for a number of animal species.
Among the large number of bacteria of the paratyphoid group is the so-called Danysz bacillus, an organism quite pathogenic for rodents, and now and again used in various forms as a "rat virus" for purposes of rodent extermination.
Strains of this parasite of human origin have been shown to bepathogenic for mice and kittens.
Some of the bacteria commonly concerned in the natural souring of milk are closely related to pathogenic types.
As pointed out elsewhere (chapter vi), the majority of outbreaks of meat and fish poisoning must be attributed to the presence of pathogenic bacteria or to poisons formed after the death of the animal.
The presence of pathogenic bacteria in food is usually due either to the contamination of the food by infected human beings during the process of preparation or serving, or to an infection of the animal from which the food is derived.
