The distribution of the squamous, white, oesophageal epithelium is very much like that of Dendrolagus.
The essential difference between the Whale's and the Ruminant's stomach is this: in the latter the stomach is primarily divided into two portions, of which the first is non-digestive and is clothed with oesophageal epithelium.
In the last two genera the folds surrounding the oesophagealorifice are but slightly represented; better in Halmaturus than in Petrogale.
The supra-oesophageal ganglia have become completely separated from the epiblast.
The central nervous system consists of a pair of supra-oesophageal ganglia united in the middle line, and of a pair of widely divaricated ventral cords, continuous in front with the supra-oesophageal ganglia.
They then constitute the supra-oesophageal ganglia; but they form not only the ganglia, but also the rhabdons or retinal elements of the eye--the parts in fact which correspond to the rods and cones in our own retina.
There is in addition a ganglionic enlargement at the commencement of the oesophageal commissures, where the nerves to the oral papillae are given off (Pl.
There are still distinct thoracic and abdominal ganglia for each segment, and there is also a pair of separate ganglion for the chelicerae, which assists, however, in forming the oesophageal commissures.
The histology of the ventral cords and oesophageal commissures is very simple and uniform.
Each of them is prolonged anteriorly into an antennary nerve, and is continuous behind with one of the oesophageal commissures.
Similar nerves to those behind are given off from the region in front of the first pair of legs, while at the point where the two ventral cords pass into the oesophageal commissures two large nerves (fig.
From the commencement of the oesophageal commissures (oes.
Two cavities are thus formed in this part of the supra-oesophageal ganglia.
A non-malignant ulceration may result which later leads on to an oesophageal stricture.
He then carefully removed the oesophageal diverticula with their content of yeast and introduced them into an opening in the skin of the hand.
It was found that as the insect fed, from time to time the abdomen underwent convulsive contractions which resulted in the emptying of the oesophageal diverticula and the salivary glands through blood pressure.
Section from the oesophageal region of Scyllium embryo belonging to stage I.
Longitudinal vertical section through the supra-oesophageal ganglion and oesophageal commissures of Peripatus capensis.
The section is taken immediately behind the junction of the supra-oesophageal ganglia, c.
In Alepas cornuta the ophthalmic chords run towards each other from the two distant and separate supra-oesophageal ganglia; and the ophthalmic ganglia, (instead of being quite separate, as in L.
The inner fold of the labrum forming the supra-oesophageal cavity, is thickened, and shows a trace of a central line of junction, as in Sessile Cirripedes.
In Conchoderma aurita the ophthalmic ganglia are much smaller, and nearer to the supra-oesophageal ganglion, than in L.
As the infra-oesophageal ganglion sends nerves to the trophi and to the first pair of cirri, it must correspond to the segments, from the fourth to the ninth inclusive, of the archetype crustacean.
Moisten the sterilised oesophageal tube with sterile water.
It is simply a strip of hard wood shaped at the middle and provided with a square orifice through which a tracheal or oesophageal tube can be passed.
The centres for the antennal nerves form ganglionic swellings on the oesophageal connectives.
The brain, or supra-oesophageal ganglion, shows various degrees of complexity.
The prominence of this border is still further increased by the greater development of the stomach to the left of the oesophageal entrance resulting in the formation of the "fundus" or "great cul-de-sac.
In other forms, and in the mammalia especially, the blind pouch is developed from the portion of the stomach lying to the left of the oesophageal entrance at the cardia, and is hence placed transversely to the long axis of the body.
The oesophageal or cephalic end is placed to the left of the median line, while the caudal or pyloric end is situated on the right side (Figs.
The opposite or oesophageal extremity of the stomach is less well differentiated from the afferent tube of the oesophagus.
At this time there is but little indication of the subsequent extension of the organ to the left of the oesophageal entrance to form the great cul-de-sac or fundus of the adult stomach.
At this time the stomach presents right and left surfaces, and the oesophageal entrance is at the highest or cephalic point of the organ, while the pyloric transition to the small intestine occupies the distal caudal extremity.
Alimentary canal sometimes with protrusible proboscis; never with gizzard or oesophageal glands; intestine with caeca as a rule.
Commonly among the terrestrial forms there is a gizzard, or two gizzards, or a larger number, in the oesophageal region.
Crura cerebri: two large cords that connect the supra- with the sub-oesophageal ganglion.
Gyri-cerebrales: lobes of the oesophageal ganglion of the embryo, connected with the primary lobe: = stalked bodies.
With respect to the first pair, or the chelicerae, the question has arisen whether their nerves belong to the infra-oesophageal group, or are in reality supra-oesophageal.
It has been shown by Lankester and Brauer in Limulus and the scorpion to be in reality the first ganglion of the infra-oesophageal series, and not to belong to the supra-oesophageal group.
Voluntary action is as impossible to the arthropod deprived of its supra-oesophageal ganglia as to the vertebrate deprived of its cerebrum.
Thus, Jenner says that in the case of extensive ulceration of the oesophagus which came under his observation there was marked enlargement of the oesophageal glands.
In the Octopoda there are also two pairs, but the posterior pair, except in Cirrhoteuthis where they are absent, are large and displaced backwards, being situated near the oesophageal proventriculus.
From the two upper lobes, which are set transversely, arise the ocular nerves; from the two lower lobes, which are united by a transverse commissure, spring the antennal nerves in front and the chords which form the oesophageal collar behind.
The two stellate ganglia are connected, except in Sepiola, by a transverse supra-oesophageal commissure, which represents the pallial cords united by a commissure above the intestine in Amphineura.
The wall of the stomach is comparatively thin except in the region of the oesophageal and pyloric apertures, and at a point, opposite these apertures, on the left side.
A sphincter thickening around the oesophageal and, to some extent, around the pyloric aperture, causes each of these structures to project into the stomach like an ileo-caecal valve.
On the ventral side, where the oesophageal wall is in contact with that of the trachea the epithelium is somewhat thickened by an increase in the number of cell layers.
This sinus is continued round the oesophagus as the peri-oesophageal sinus, and thus the whole complex of the small arm-sinus has the relations of the so-called vascular system of a Sipunculid.
Blochmann, the immensely long drawn out supra-oesophageal ganglion.
From each of these sub-oesophageal ganglia numerous nerves arise.
The cerebral ganglion is accordingly only secondarily hæmal in position, and there is no need therefore to seek in Vertebrates for the homologue of the oesophageal commissures of Annelids, as, for instance, Schneider did.
These three divisions subsequently form the supra-oesophageal ganglion or brain proper.
In mammals, the primitive form of the stomach consists of a more or less globular or elongated expansion of the oesophageal region, forming the cardiac portion, and a forwardly curved, narrower pyloric portion, from which the duodenum arises.
In the latter a pallial siphon, a well-developed proboscis and an unpaired oesophageal gland are always present, in the former they are usually absent.
On account of the shortness of the visceral loop and the proximity of the right visceral ganglion to the oesophageal nerve-ring, the nerve to the osphradium and olfactory ganglion is very long.
Vermiform embryo after the division of the alimentary tract into oesophageal and glandular divisions.
The position of the supra-oesophageal ganglia on the ventral side of the procephalic lobes is the same as that in other Tracheata.
The supra-oesophageal ganglia originate as thickenings of the epiblast of the procephalic lobes.
The development of the tentacular ring as well as its innervation from the sub-oesophageal ganglion prohibit us, as has been pointed out by Gegenbaur, from comparing it with the tentacles of tubicolous Chaetopoda.
The remainder of the body is more or less conical, and is still girt with the larval transverse ciliated band, which lies in the middle of the gastric region in the Mediterranean species, but in the oesophageal region in the American one.
The two epiblast ridges, which pass back from the supra-oesophageal ganglia on each side of the mouth, are continued as a pair of thickenings of the epiblast along the sides of a median ventral groove.
After the first (=third) ecdysis the oesophageal nerve-ring and sexually undifferentiated generative organs are developed.
Two pairs of eyes and the supra-oesophageal ganglia also become early developed.
The oesophageal commissure is however completed ventrally by the ganglia of the pedipalpi.
Similar epiblastic invaginations assist in forming the supra-oesophageal ganglia of other Tracheata.
The prae-oral part of the ventral plate develops into the bilobed procephalic lobes, the epiblast of which is mainly employed in the formation of the supra-oesophageal ganglia.
The band-like supra-oesophageal ganglion is the first part of the nervous system formed, and appears to be undoubtedly derived from the epiblast.
Grooves are present in the supra-oesophageal ganglia similar to those in Spiders.
The cells on the dorsal side, adjoining the oesophageal invagination, and the whole of the cells on the ventral side do not however undergo these changes.
The supraoesophageal ganglion with the oesophagealcommissure developes independently of the ventral cord.
The ridges form the remainder of the ganglia and the oesophageal commissures; while the fifth element is supplied by a median invagination in front of the mouth, which appears at a much later date than the other parts.
The lateral pits of the Nemertines, which appear to grow out as a pair of oesophageal diverticula, which are eventually placed in communication with the exterior by a pair of ciliated canals (vide Vol.
Furthermore the supra-oesophageal ganglion is relieved of a large part of the direct control of the muscles of each segment, and is becoming more a centre of control and perception for the body as a whole.
With their more rapid locomotion the supra-oesophageal ganglion reached a higher degree of development, and it was served by sense-organs of great efficiency.
Perhaps it is not too much to say that the eidoscopic eye first awakened the slumbering animal mind, for its reflex effect upon the supra-oesophageal ganglion cannot be over-estimated.
And the high development of their supra-oesophageal ganglion and sense-organs, and their powerful jaws and arms, or tentacles, show to what good purpose they have struggled.
The little knot of nervous material which forms the supra-oesophageal ganglion is so small that it might easily escape our notice; but it is the promise of an infinite future.
The nervous system consists of a large supra-oesophageal ganglion in the first segment; then of a chain of ganglia, one to each segment, on the ventral side of the body.
The old cobweb-like plexus condenses into a little knot, the supra-oesophageal ganglion.
The above list will hopefully give you a few useful examples demonstrating the appropriate usage of "oesophageal" in a variety of sentences. We hope that you will now be able to make sentences using this word.
