It is this divine energy which sets in motion the whirls in the ether, the electric corpuscles and ions that make up the different atoms and elements of matter.
These corpuscles and ions are positive and negative forms of electricity.
Whichever way theions were produced, they are next exposed to a strong electric field, accelerated, and electrostatically focused into a beam.
Atoms to be analyzed are changed to ions in the source.
Then the ions are accelerated by high voltage, deflected in a magnetic field according to their mass, and the intensity of the separated beams is measured in the collector.
In this way, the ions in the beam are sorted out into a number of separate beams, each made up of particles of the same charge/mass ratio.
The ionic density is therefore high, and recombination very rapidly removes the ionsafter they are formed.
The + and - electric charges on the gas particles endow it with the properties of a conductor of electricity, the + ions moving freely in one direction and the - ions in the opposite direction under an electric potential.
There may be a rising potential between the groups of ions until ultimately a point is attained when there is a spontaneous neutralisation.
The number of ions involved, of course, greatly exceeds these numbers.
We can only detect the true end-effects by artificially separating the ions by a strong electric force.
There is little evidence that the y-ray can directly create ions to any large extent.
But the action of liberating high-speed ß-rays results in the creation of many thousands of ions by each ß-ray liberated.
The ions produced are evidently closely crowded along the track of the ray.
That is it is partly split up into ions or free electrified atoms of chlorine, sodium, magnesium, etc.
Here it may be so effective that the form of the curve is completely lost unless a very large electromotive force is used to separate the ions when the ionisation is being investigated.
Now we know that ions of opposite sign if left to themselves recombine.
In a gas the ions produced being much crowded together recombine rapidly; so rapidly that the actual ionisation may be quite concealed unless a sufficiently strong electric force is applied to separate them.
Ions are the names given to the parts into which an electrolyte is decomposed by the electric current.
A movement of the ions at once begins, the positive hydrogen ions appearing at C.
Ions are now present in the liquid and conduct the current.
At the place where the current leaves the metal and enters the ground, it removes metallic ions from the pipe.
Evidence that ions are necessary to conduct a current in a liquid= is furnished by the following experiment.
The appearance of these bubbles indicates that some of the hydrogen ions carrying positive electricity have moved to the zinc plate.
The current passes only when ions are present in the liquid.
The positive ions move with the current from the anode to the cathode, while the negative ions apparently are repelled by the cathode and appear upon the anode.
The hydrogen ions are moved by the current to one set of plates and change the paste to spongy metallic lead.
Evidence of the accumulation of the two kinds of ions at the two electrodes is furnished by the electrolysis of water, described below.
These ions bearing electric charges are believed to be the carriers of the electric current through the electrolyte.
A similar nomenclature has long been in vogue, and has worked well, for the complex ions of metalions with the cyanide-ion (see below).
When the solution is diluted, the hydrogen-sulphate ions are to a very considerable extent dissociated into sulphate ions and hydrogen ions.
The examination for metal ionsusually precedes that for the acid ions, and the scheme of analysis for the former will be considered first.
When the experiment is tried in this way, no separation of the hydrogen from the chloride ionsseems to occur.
The ferro- and ferricyanide ions may also be treated as complex ions.
In a similar manner, we must expect to have traces, and only traces, of nondissociated hydrochloric acid formed by the union of chloride ions with some of the hydrogen ions of the water.
In the case of separation from solutions, either by crystallization or by precipitation by double decomposition, the temperature, the concentration of the solution, and the presence of other ions may modify the form obtained.
If we compare equivalent solutions of various acids, the intensity of those actions characteristic of them will be the greater the more free hydrogen-ions they contain; this is an immediate consequence of the law of chemical mass-action.
Hence the absolute velocities of the two ions can be determined, and we can calculate the actual speed with which a certain ion moves through a given liquid under the action of a given potential gradient or electromotive force.
There remains the question how the necessary migratory freedom of the ions is secured.
The ions K and Cl suffer no change, but the hydrogen of the acid and the hydroxyl (OH) of the potash unite to form water, which is only very slightly dissociated.
In such salts as potassium chloride the ions seem to be simple throughout a wide range of concentration since the transport numbers for the same series of concentrations as those used above run-- Potassium chloride-- 0.
Returning once more to the consideration of the first relation, which deals with the comparison between the number of ions and the number of pressure-producing particles in dilute solution, one caution is necessary.
When the amount of this ion in the surface layer becomes too small to carry all the current across the junction, other ions must also be used, and either they or their secondary products will appear also at the electrode.
Some acetic acid is formed, and this process will go on till the solutions of the two acids are isohydric: that is, till the dissociated hydrogen ions are in equilibrium with both.
Completely ionized solutions of salts with two ions should give double this number or 3.
Kohlrausch formulated a theory of electrolytic conduction based on the idea that, under the action of the electric forces, the oppositely charged ions moved in opposite directions through the liquid, carrying their charges with them.
Were it not for the magnetic field, the ions would be accelerated in a straight line; instead they are deflected into a circular path back toward the dee gap.
Ions above the midplane of the cyclotron are directed downward; those below the midplane are directed upward.
By the time the ions again reach the dee gap, the sign of the electric potential on the dees is reversed, so that now the ions are attracted toward the opposite dee.
Ions moving in a magnetic field are deflected at right angles to these flux lines.
However, if he desires to use ions having less than the maximum energy, he inserts the target further into the cyclotron so that it is intercepted sooner.
Similar data for other ions may be found in the appendix.
Veksler and McMillan showed that relatively low dee voltages can be used to accelerate ions to very high energies.
The operation begins when the ionsare introduced into the region between two accelerating electrodes, or "dees.
Because the ions carry a positive electric charge, they are attracted toward that dee which is electrically negative at the moment.
As this process of alternating the electric potential is repeated, the ions gain speed and energy with each revolution.
Ions are accelerated only when the radiofrequency is decreasing (Fig.
Every day, and all day long, he sat on soft cush-ions and lis-tened to stories.
But Diogenes did not come; and he was the only man for whose o-pin-ions Alexander cared.
Fresh ions are formed or dissociated in the electrolyte as fast as the original ions give up their charges at the electrodes.
Owing to the nature of their charges, the hydrogen ions will move towards the negative electrode, and the SO4 ions towards the positive electrode.
If this were not so, the electrolytic action would soon cease, since there would be no ions left to move towards the electrodes.
These ionsare chemical radicles carrying a definite electric charge.
On reaching the electrodes the ions give up their charges, and immediately exhibit their ordinary chemical properties.
Townsend obtained his ions in the hydrogen and oxygen given off when caustic potash is electrolyzed.
The stream of ions carrying their positive and negative charges constitutes the current flowing through the electrolyte.
Thus, for example, in an aqueous solution of sulphuric acid, free ions of hydrogen H2 carrying a positive charge, and free ions of SO4 carrying a negative charge, exist.
By this means zinc ions are carried into the ulcer.
Since the ions carry definite charges, it follows that the amounts of the initial products of an electrolytic action are in the ratio of their chemical equivalents.
The ions exhibit none of the chemical properties of the uncharged radicle.
The H ionspresent can be determined accurately in all cases only by electrolytic methods.
H ions, consequently it is better to determine the concentration of H ions and to standardize to a definite H ion concentration.
The figure after P{H} does not in reality represent the concentration of H ions in the solution.
Expressed in other words, it is the concentration in a normal solution of H ions diluted ten million times.
The volume of air from which the ions have been extracted being known, a measure is obtained of the total charge on the ions, whether positive or negative.
At barometric pressures such as exist between 18 and 36 kilometres above the ground the mobility of the ions varies inversely as the pressure, whilst the coefficient of recombination [alpha] varies approximately as the pressure.
A diminution in the number of positive ions would thus naturally be accompanied by a rise in potential gradient.
The rate of loss of charge is thus largely dependent on the extent to which ions are present in the surrounding air.
If the atmosphere at different heights is exposed to ionizing radiation of uniform intensity the rate of production of ions per cc.
The conditions must, of course, be such as to secure that no ions shall escape, otherwise there is an underestimate.
Hard on this came the recognition of the fact that freely charged positive and negative ionsare always present in the atmosphere, and that a radioactive emanation can be collected.
Air is drawn by an aspirator between the surfaces, and the ions having the opposite sign to the inner cylinder are deposited on it.
The rise in q and Q indicates that the diminished rate of dissipation is most marked for positive charges, and that negative ions are even more reduced then positive.
In the steady state the number, n, of ions of either sign per cc.
If this is true we should have q = [alpha] n^2, where q is the number of ions of one sign made in 1 cc.
The sign of r depends on the sign of e, hence the rotation due to negative ions would be opposite to that for positive.
In the study of these ions the view has been held that the charged ion attracted to itself a cluster of molecules which surrounded the charged nucleus and traveled with it.
According to the theory of ionization, the radiation produces ions at a constant rate.
The number of the ions produced, and hence the number of drops, is so great that the trail is shown as a continuous line.
Application of Electric Field If the condensation chamber has two parallel plates for the application of an electric field like that already described, the ions will be carried at once to the electrodes and disappear.
When an electric field is produced between the plates, the velocity of the ions between the plates is increased in proportion to the strength of the electric field.
Ionization of Gases One of these phenomena is the power of forming ions or carriers of electricity by the passage of the rays through a gas, thus ionizing the gas.
These drops form on the ions produced by the radiation.
Size and Nature of Ions If the drops are counted (there being special methods for this) and the total current carried accurately measured, then the charge carried by each ion may be calculated.
The number, therefore, increases to a point at which the ions produced balance the number recombining.
If time is given, these ions meet and recombine, their charges are neutralized, and there is no current.
For instance, the ions may form nuclei for the condensation of water, and in this way the existence of the separate ions in the gas may be shown and the number present actually counted.
These ions will recombine and neutralize their charges if the opportunity is given.
In a weak field the ions travel so slowly that most of them recombine on the way and consequently the observed current is very small.
The ions carrying a positive charge are attracted to plate B, while those negatively charged are attracted to plate A, thus causing a current.
On increasing the voltage the speed of the ions is increased, fewer recombine, the current increases, and, when the condition for recombination is practically removed, it will have a maximum value.
An interchange is, in fact, always going on between them; negative ionsflow upward from the earth and positive ions flow in the opposite direction.
An instrument for determining the number of ions present, per unit volume, in a sample of air.
Ions play a very important role as carriers of electricity, because they are impelled to move toward oppositely charged bodies or particles and combine with them.
The number of positive ions found in a cubic centimeter of the lower atmosphere varies from a few hundred to a thousand or more, while the number of negative ions in the same space is generally one or two hundred smaller.
A gas containing ions is said to be ionized; and it is the ionization of the atmosphere that makes it a conductor of electricity.
This process may be repeated many times, so that the positive charge of the drops is continually increasing, and at the same time negative ionsare being set free and carried by the ascending air to the upper part of the clouds.
The number of ions in a given volume of air has been the subject of a great many measurements, both at observatories on land and in the course of scientific expeditions at sea.
The knowledge of ions in the atmosphere is one of the recent acquisitions of science.
For instance, beryllium ionsin the body can be deadly; beryllium poisoning is nasty stuff.
But if the patient is treated with the proper chelating agent, the ions are surrounded and don't do any more damage.
He added a chelating agent which, if there were any nickel present, would sequester the nickel ions and bring them out of solution as a brick-red precipitate.
Under the influence of the current copper ions travel to the cathode, and there by the gain of two electrons become copper atoms.
Suddenly the temperature falls, vapor condenses, and each of these ions becomes the center of a drop of rain.
On the other hand, it is also admitted that in an electrolyte the electricity is carried by the ions in motion.
The particles it is desired to precipitate not only adsorb ions of electrolytes, but also the gelatine sol itself, and the particles, thus covered by a layer of a stable emulsoid sol, attain much of the stability of this gelatine sol.
Further, it is known that organic ions are usually more strongly adsorbed, hence when precipitating from an alkaline sol (negative sol), one should preferably select an inorganic or mineral acid rather than an organic acid.
Now, unfortunately, the adsorption law constants for the different ions have not yet been numerically determined, so that we are still somewhat in the dark as to the operation of ionic adsorptions.
The electric charge given by the adsorbed ions may be reduced by dilution, for dilution causes a lessened adsorption of the charging ions.
In the first place, we know that in general the variousions are not usually very widely different in the extent to which they are liable to be adsorbed.
The interpretation of lyotrope influence is of course somewhat speculative, but considered as a surface phenomenon, the surface specific of the molecules and ions of the lyotrope substance must be one of the factors involved.
On the other hand, in the case of sodium chloride, which has comparatively feeble lyotrope influence, the relatively different adsorptions of its ions comes to the fore.
It is essential here to consider which ions are most likely to be adsorbed, and also to bear in mind what charge they carry.
As ions possess different electric charges, the charge on the disperse phase is subject to the valency rule.
Corpuscular, spun of uncounted rushing, dazzling ions the great rays struck across, impinged upon the thousand-foot wheel that crowned the cones; set it whirling.
Take the fact which is quoted very often, that the migration of compounds or of ions in the organisms can happen quite contrary to all the laws of osmosis, from the less concentrated to the more concentrated side of a so-called “membrane.
The iodine ions have actually passed through the beef to the positive pole and the paper on the electrode.
It has been discovered that ions will flow directly through the membranes.
The above list will hopefully give you a few useful examples demonstrating the appropriate usage of "ions" in a variety of sentences. We hope that you will now be able to make sentences using this word.
