X^2 is convex to the axis of x, while when the recombination exceeds the ionization the curve for X^2 will be concave to the axis of x.
We shall discuss later the causes of the rise in the current with large potential differences, when we considerionization by collision.
In many cases, however, such as in electric sparks, there are no external agents to produce ionization and the electric field has to produce the ions as well as set them in motion.
If, however, there is ionization either in the gas or at the anode, the positive ions will diffuse into the region of the discharge until they are sensibly equal in number to the negative ions.
There are many important cases in which the ions producing the current come from one electrode or from a thin layer of gas close to the electrode, no ionization occurring in the body of the gas or at the other electrode.
Thus if we wish to measure the amount of ionization in a gas we should be careful to see that the current is saturated.
The relation between the current and the potential difference in this case is in accordance with the results of the theory of ionization by collision.
The coefficient of ionization usually, though not always, decreases; the specific ionic velocities increase.
For if the ionization is due to the collisions with the corpuscles, then unless one collision detaches more than one corpuscle the maximum number of corpuscles produced will be equal to the number of collisions.
The ionization is about the same over the ocean as over the land.
A gas containing ions is said to be ionized; and it is theionization of the atmosphere that makes it a conductor of electricity.
Below: Arrangement for supplying potentials to electroscopes and ionization chambers, (Carnegie Institution.
This ionization may involve certain critical molecules or structures in a cell, producing its characteristic damage.
When radiation interacts with atoms, energy is deposited resulting in ionization (electron excitation).
It is a general principle that the primary ionization of polyvalent acids occurs more readily than the secondary›, and this in turn more readily than the tertiary (if a third ionizable hydrogen atom is present in the acid).
Determinations of the ionization of sulphuric acid and of water, by the conductivity methods which are based on the theory of Arrhenius, show that, while sulphuric acid is very considerably ionized (see p.
It will be sufficient here to indicate two directions of inquiry, which promise to lead to an explanation of the apparent contradiction between the demands of the law of chemical equilibrium and the ionization of strong electrolytes.
Ionization of Gases One of these phenomena is the power of forming ions or carriers of electricity by the passage of the rays through a gas, thus ionizing the gas.
The details of an experiment will serve to make the meaning of this ionization clear.
A fuller understanding of the ionization of electrolytes also becomes possible.
Experimental Confirmation This theory of the ionization of gases has been most interestingly confirmed by direct experiment.
We have heard much of ionization in recent times, and in many ways this would remind one even only slightly familiar with the old scholastics, of their theories of form entering into matter.
From behind a low hill a slim, pointed form emerged, a beautifully streamlined ship, the lines obviously those of a Thessian, the windows streaming light, while the visible ionization about the hull proclaimed its molecular ray screen.
The Talsonian then threw a switch, and an intense ionization appeared within the tube, then a minute spot of light was visible within the sphere of light.
But the ionization told of the ray shield over the little group of men.
Fort after fort glowed opalescent, then flashed into protective ionization of screening.
Professor Jenkins delivered a short lecture on the ionization of gases, a subject so dear to his heart that when he saw how absorbingly they listened he took quite a personal liking to them.
The ionization of a solution, then, is usually diminished by raising the temperature, the rise in conductivity being due to the greater increase in fluidity.
The salts tabulated are those of which the equivalent conductivity reaches a limiting value indicating that complete ionization is reached as dilution is increased.
Allowing for incomplete ionization the general concordance of these numbers with the theoretical ones is very striking.
At extreme dilution, when the ionization is complete, a variation in temperature cannot change its amount.
Solid copper chloride is brown or yellow, so that its concentrated solution, which contains both ions and undissociated molecules, is green, but changes to blue as water is added and the ionization becomes complete.
But the temperature coefficient of conductivity is now generally less than before; thus the effect of temperature on ionization must be of opposite sign to its effect on fluidity.
The measurements of freezing points of solutions at the extreme dilution necessary to secure complete ionization is a matter of great difficulty, and has been overcome only in a research initiated by E.
As the concentration is increased and un-ionized molecules are formed, a change in temperature begins to affect the ionization as well as the fluidity.
At the concentration used by Loomis the electrical conductivity indicates that the ionization is not complete, particularly in the case of the salts with divalent ions in the second list.
A family of counters uses this principle: the ionization chamber, the proportional counter, and the Geiger-Müller counter.
Ionization Chambers One of a pair of electrodes is a wire located centrally within a cylinder.
The potential difference between the electrodes in the Geiger-Müller tube (similar to an ionization chamber) is high.
Proportional Counters This is a type of ionization chamber in which the intensity of the electrical pulse it produces is proportional to the energy of the incoming particle.
There is a difficulty in reconciling observed values of the ionization with the results obtained from balloon ascents as to the variation of the potential with altitude.
Gockel found a diminution of ionization with rise of relative humidity.
Mache (62) thinks that the ionization observed in the atmosphere may be wholly accounted for by the radioactive emanation.
The loss of the dissipation body due to the natural ionization of the air is first allowed for.
Similarly, the ionization of a specific substance in solution tends to diminish on the addition of another substance with a common ion, as, for instance, the addition of hydrochloric acid to a solution of hydrogen sulphide.
The addition of the hydrochloric acid prevents the formation of ferric hydroxide, and so far reduces the ionization of the water that the hydrolysis of the ferric sulphate is also prevented, and no precipitation occurs on heating.
A typical example of an easily reversible reaction is that representing the changes in ionization which an electrolyte such as acetic acid undergoes on dilution or concentration of its solutions, !
But I wonder how you'll use the ionization of air to protect yourself from kidnapers!
If ionizationmade air a high-resistance conductor, then an ionizing beam would make a high-resistance short between the power terminals of a stun-pistol.
But some of the blue glow was almost certainly due to ionization of the air by the hard ultraviolet.
Electrical Conductivity and Ionization Constants of Organic Compounds 8vo, *3 00 Searle, A.
The above list will hopefully give you a few useful examples demonstrating the appropriate usage of "ionization" in a variety of sentences. We hope that you will now be able to make sentences using this word.
