Another novel feature was in the method of controlling the depth of submergence when navigating between the surface and waterbed.
Other men stand at the levers of the Kingston valves which, when open, flood the ballast tanks with water and secure the submergence of the boat.
Surface and underwater navigation must be possible with equal facility and it is necessary that a state of submergence can be reached without loss of time and without any degree of danger to the boat's safety.
The space between the outer and the inner hull is utilized primarily for ballast tanks by means of which submergence is accomplished and stability maintained and regulated.
I then learned that a down pull of a hydroplane at a given degree of inclination varied according to its depth of submergence and that the deeper the submergence, the less the down pull.
As a result of this experience every navy prescribed submergence tests for its submarines before putting them into commission.
In the lake district of Cumberland, in Yorkshire, and in Ireland, we must depend on proofs derived from glacial striae and the transportation of erratics for so much of the supposed submergence as exceeds 600 feet.
Great Submergence of Wales during the Glacial Period proved by Marine Shells.
After a period of ten minutes' total submergence the periscope shoved its squat snout above the surface--like a reluctant puppy about to receive a hiding.
A prolonged submergence had ruined the delicate mechanism for all time.
The same may be said of the southern parts of India and Ceylon, with the exception in the case of Ceylon, of a temporary submergence in the Ruta and Daitya epoch.
The final submergenceof Poseidonis sent another tidal wave over Egypt.
The epochs ofsubmergence are accompanied by a warm, humid climate, more or less uniform from the equator to the poles.
Between these two extremes of continental emergence, the Permian and the Pleistocene, we can trace six cycles of alternate submergence and elevation, as shown in the diagram (Fig.
A geologic period is the record of one of these immense and long continued movements of alternate submergence and elevation of the continents.
In this there was a great prevalence of cold and glacial conditions, and a great submergence of the northern land.
But the Sargasso, an area almost equal to Europe, covers other land as well--land of far more recent submergence than Atlantis, which foundered in 9564 B.
In favorable localities the minimum amount of submergence may sometimes be measured upon forest trees which are now flooded with sea water.
This could hardly take place without a still further deepening of the ice within the valleys above, and, probably, a progressive submergence of the lower crests in the valley walls.
Moseley has collected historical records of the killing of forest trees through a submergence which was the result of an advance of the water upon the shores.
Until submergence is accomplished, larger or smaller portions of the rock surface project either through or between the ice masses and are, therefore, exposed to direct attack by the weather (see below, p.
Archipelago of steep rocky islets due to large submergence of a coast having strong relief.
Taking out a notebook and pencil, Commander Ennerling recorded the reading of the submergence gauge, which showed how many feet the craft was below the surface of the water.
In the first place, we note that a very brief and shallow submergence beneath the conscious level is enough to infuse fresh vigour into supraliminal trains of thought.
If gasoline engines could be used during submergence a far greater speed would be acquired; but this is out of the question, as such engines would consume the air supply of the little boat far too rapidly.
It is possible for a person whose head is submerged to hear the ringing of such a bell distinctly for a long distance; but of course for practical purposes such submergence is out of the question.
The depth of the submergence in this case was only a few feet, but great depths may be reached with relative safety.
The one great physical event of the Cambrian was the gradual submergence of a considerable portion of the continent.
In the eastern hemisphere early in the Tertiary period a great submergence set in and marine waters spread over much of western and southern Europe, northern Africa, and southern Asia.
An overlap proves that a gradualsubmergence of the land was going on at the time the strata were being accumulated.
This allows 5 feet for submergence and 5 feet for mine, mine bail, sockets, shackles, and anchor.
Mines are planted with a submergenceof 5 feet below mean low water.
Beyond these basins, however, it is questionable if the submergence was complete, because in the Weverton sandstone itself are numerous fragments which could have been derived only from the granite masses.
The submergence of the Catoctin Belt was practically complete, because the Weverton sandstone nowhere touches the crystalline rocks.
Perhaps it were better stated that submergence was complete in the basins in which Weverton sandstone now appears.
An epoch of which a sedimentary record remains in the region of the Catoctin Belt is one of submergence and deposition, the Newark or Juratrias.
So soon as the sea began to overspread the region, its bottom became the site of deposition, and the deposition continued as long as the submergence lasted.
It is to the sediments deposited during the earlier part of this submergence that the name Potsdam is given.
Following the pre-Cambrian period of erosion during which the notches were cut, came the submergence of the region, and the gaps were filled with sand and gravel, and finally the ridges themselves were buried.
The first effect of the sedimentation which followed submergence was to even up the irregular surface of the quartzite, for the depressions in the surface were the first to be submerged, and the first to be filled.
It is probable, too, that the submergence destroyed a good many plants and the insects dependent on them.
It may be asked what proof we have of such an extensive submergence of England and Ireland.
We know nothing of the power of Galaxias to survive submergence in salt water, if carried in a marine current': it is an established fact, ascertained some years ago by F.
In front of Shirley was a gauge which showed the depth of submergence and a spirit-level which showed any inclination.
Nearly every submarine in use in the navies of the world at the present day is capable of functioning in perfect safety, so far as submergence and emergence are concerned.
During this period of submergence the machinery was shut down for a time, and one of the first sensations we experienced was the strange sounds which came to us of the propellers and paddle-wheels of surface vessels passing in our vicinity.
Like Mr. Holland, I also had difficulty on our first submergence in always knowing where we were going.
I mean by a deep submergence when the vessel goes down so far that the water covers the top of her periscope and the commander gets out of touch with surface vessels.
By pulling the hatch cover down and inclining the hydroplanes downward the vessel could be almost instantly submerged--submergence not occupying over fifteen seconds.
Another novel feature was in the method of controlling the depth of submergence when navigating between the surface and the water-bed.
The capability of this arrangement of hydroplanes and horizontal rudders to control the depth of submergence was questioned and doubted for many years.
The next day the accidental submergence was explained by the absence of two five-eighths inch screw plugs from the bottom of the central compartment in which the operator would be seated while the boat was in operation.
In our first test to determine a practical time of submergence in 1897 we had been submerged for nearly two hours when I noticed some members of the crew showing signs of distress.
She would take her tender or tenders down with her under such circumstances, for the supply boats would be built to stand safely the test submergence of the military submarine; that is, a depth of two hundred feet.
Geology shows us, however, that the submergence of parts of the earth beneath the sea, and their subsequent elevation, is the most common of all geological phenomena; almost all existing continents and islands having been submerged.
The geologist adds his testimony to the existing evidences of the recent submergence of a large region of Persia and Turkey around the Caspian Sea, and its subsequent elevation.
