When the props have been reduced in size, they are pressed down by the weight of overlying rocks (no less than 630 feet thick) upon the shale below, which is thereby squeezed and forced up into the open spaces.
Wright, are by their fossils more properly referable to the Lias; secondly, of clay shale and thin beds of limestone.
Wadhurst Clay: Blue and brown shale and clay, with a little calc-grit: 100.
Other crater lakes of circular or oval form, and hollowed out of similar ancient strata, occur in the Upper Eifel, where copious aeriform discharges have taken place, throwing out vast heaps of pulverized shale into the air.
Brodie, into a shale containing Cypris and Estheria, and is full of the wing-cases of several genera of Coleoptera, with some nearly entire beetles, of which the eyes are preserved.
In the limestone fossils are frequent, but very rare in the underlying shale and sandstone.
The same mineral has been observed, under very analogous circumstances, in High Teesdale, by Professor Sedgwick, where it also occurs in shale and limestone, altered by basalt.
At successive stages the strata of shale on the side would crumble away, as is shown in our photograph, and undermine the strata of hard rock.
All this amount of shale has fallen down in forty-four years, making a rate many times larger than the highest we have taken as the basis of our estimate.
Niagara shale and limestone which form the upper one hundred feet of the face, and which exhibit the maximum amount of enlargement which has taken place.
Showing extent of erosion at base of the Niagara shale since 1854.
Clinton limestone, and where, consequently, the whole thickness of the Niagara shale is accessible to examination.
How the shale and sandstone layers are formed will be the subject of a future chapter.
Shale in color looks like slate, and an analysis of the material of which it is formed shows that shale and slate are both made from the same.
And it is in this that we find the reason for the structural difference between shale and slate.
A study of these strata will show that there are many layers of coal strata varying in thickness and separated by layers of shale and sandstone.
A slab of shale will be of a uniform color on any one line of cleavage.
Shale splits in line with its layers; slate splits across that line.
Shale is a makeshift suitable only for very light traffic roads.
Bedding is most often induced by a change in the nature of the contiguous strata; thus a sandstone is followed by a shale or vice versa--changes which may be due to the varying volume or velocity of a current.
The district is rich in limestone, coal, ironstone, shale and fireclay, all of which are worked.
The strata of shale were in some instances nearly vertical, proving the disturbance that had been occasioned by a subsequent upheaval.
We rode up precipitous paths edging upon deep chasms between these conical hills, and emerged upon metamorphous rocks and shale mingled in curious irregularity.
The tests indicated that it consisted of shale of the lower oolite, and the works were let accordingly.
Considerable difficulty was experienced in supporting the bed of rock cut through, which overlaid the clay and shale along each side of the cutting.
One-third of the cutting was stone, and beneath the stone lay a thick bed of clay, under which were found beds of loose shaleso full of water that almost constant pumping was necessary at many points to enable the works to proceed.
In some places the miners were deluged by water, which surged from the soft blue shale found at the lowest level of the tunnel.
Commonly the fire clay beneath the seam is penetrated with roots, and the shale above is packed with leaves of ferns and other plants as beautifully pressed as in a herbarium.
A shale or limestone, for example, cannot waste to a clay containing granite pebbles.
The limestones have recrystallized into marbles, among them the famous marbles of Vermont; the Cambrian sandstones have become quartzites, and the Hudson shale has been changed to a schist exposed on Manhattan Island and northward.
The Medina and the Clinton sandstones are not found west of Ohio, where the first passes into a shale and the second into a limestone.
Beneath the Falls the underlying shale is cut and washed away by the descending water and retreats also because of weathering, while the overhanging limestone breaks down in huge blocks from time to time.
The clay and the upper layers of the shale beneath it are reddish or yellow, while in many cases the color of the unaltered rock beneath is blue.
Sandstone may be converted into quartzite, and shale into argillite, a compact, massive clay rock.
Although some of the minor changes are omitted, the section shows the rapid alternation of the strata: 9 Sandstone and shale .
But their layers are often ripple-marked, and contain many tracks of reptiles, imprints of raindrops, and some fossil wood, while an occasional bed of shale is filled with the remains of fishes.
Here the force of the falling water is sufficient to move about the fallen blocks of limestone and use them in the excavation of the shale of the bed.
On the upper surface we note that the shale has weathered to a clayey soil in which all traces of structure have been destroyed.
The overlyingshale records a further depression which brought the lanes below the level of the sea.
Red shale and blue, cinder-grey and lemon-yellow; some schistose and sparkling, the bulk dull and dead.
The so-called "Kimeridge coal" is a highly bituminous shale capable of being used as fuel, which has been worked on the cliff at Little Kimeridge.
In the course of ages, the sand is hardened into sandstone, the mould into bituminous shale and coal, the clay into marble, other layers of mould into other beds of shale or slate, and other masses of sand into gravel and conglomerate.
This shale is mined much as coal is: it is then heated in retorts as coal is heated at the gas-works: and the vapour which is given off, on being condensed, forms a liquid like crude petroleum.
Soft shale is ground to fine powder, and is sprinkled wherever coal-dust has collected.
One hind foot lost its hold in the shale and shot out; the Captain lifted it and moved it forward again slowly, cautiously, for fresh, steady straining.
The pony's hoofs dug shale once more, and the upraised right arm whipped about the tousled head.
Although some of the minor changes are omitted, the section shows the rapid alternation of the strata: Feet 9 Sandstone and shale .
Behind us the fine shaleslid sullenly in a miniature avalanche that cascaded over the edge.
The broken jagged rock and shale dropped off an hundred feet to a tangle of manzanita and snowbrush.
Mercifully, even the apparently crumbling shale is not treacherous.
The Llandovery-Tarannon rocks are of the graptolite-shale type, intercalated with fine grits in the case of the beds of Tarannon age.
In North Wales the Llandovery beds occasionally present the shelly arenaceous types of deposit as near Llangollen, at other times as near Conway, Corwen, and in Anglesey, the graptolitic shale type.
Lower Carboniferous rocks he would place the conventional sign for limestone in Derbyshire, a combination of those for limestone andshale in Yorkshire, and would add to these the sandstone sign in Northumberland.
He's in a pocket on a shaleslope this side of the timber on a line from the house where you left him," replied Lamy readily.
He staggered back just as a rattle of falling stones signified that horsemen were in theshale on the slope to eastward.
There was considerable shale here, too, and they had to proceed cautiously in spots, both for fear of sliding down the shale and to prevent making much noise.
When they reached the top of the west rim they looked back and saw four horsemen on the shale slope leading to the pocket.
The sand and gravel and shalehad disappeared; all was bare clean-washed rock.
Then, at the sharp crack of the rifles, leaden messengers whizzed high in the air over horse and riders, and skipped along the red shale in front of the running dog.
We are but two stones' throw from the gaunt hulk of a Franciscan Church; a file of dusty cypresses marks the ruins of a painful Calvary cut in the waste and shale of the hill-side.
Hints of what is to come greet you in the frittered shale of the grey country-side broken abruptly by little threatening hill-towns.
Casey kicked him gently with his heels to urge him forward, for in spite of what his reason told him about the shale slide his instinct was to go straight to the light.
This time it burned suddenly clear and large and very bright, away off to the left of him where he had by daylight noticed a bare shale slide.
Now when we came to the end of the causeway, and turned to the right, along the shale and rubble tipped there from the quarry, we saw a man coming down the slope to the water, evidently bent on catching the Snail when she arrived.
Then he thrust her well out into the flood, tied a piece ofshale (as an anchor) to the other end of the string, and flung it out ahead of her, so that she rode at anchor trimly a few yards from the bank.
When we came to the gate which takes you by a short cut to the valley and the shale quarry, I said that I would go home that way, while the others went by the road, and that we would race each other, walking, to see who got home first.
At this point the red sandstone andshale beds, which are composed of thin layers having a total thickness of several hundred feet, are often stamped over by these footprints like the mud of a barnyard.
The above list will hopefully give you a few useful examples demonstrating the appropriate usage of "shale" in a variety of sentences. We hope that you will now be able to make sentences using this word.
