Acree and Hinkins[42] found that diastase, pancreatin, and a number of other enzymes cause hydrolysis of triacetyl glucose with the formation of glucose and acetic acid.
Nitrogenous ferments which can effect the hydrolysis of glucosides and give rise to sugars are frequently found in plants, for example, emulsin in almonds, myrosin in mustard, and erythrozym in madder.
The presence of free gallic acid, fisetin and rhamnose in the plant can therefore be explained by the natural hydrolysis of a complex gum or tar or a constituent thereof.
This indicated probably the hydrolysis of an unstable lead compound.
Not enough was obtained for further sugar tests, but all the hydrolysis experiments point to the conclusion that the poisonous substance is a rhamnoside, and is the source of the sugar in the plant.
By oxidation, the former is converted into ellagic acid, and on hydrolysis with dilute sulphuric acid readily yielded gallic acid.
Hydrolysis of the pentacetyl leucotannin, however, yielded gallic aldehyde, and oxidation yielded purpurotannin (a naphthalene derivative) in addition to ellagic acid.
It is not necessary to filter the solution of the melt in this case, but sufficient time must be allowed for the hydrolysis of the anhydride before proceeding with the neutralization.
This is a convenient, though slower and more dangerous method, of producing the hydrolysis of the glyceride, as well as the simplest in that fatty acids and glycerine in a water solution are obtained.
To increase the hydrolysis a catalyzer, some neutral salt, usually manganese sulfate is added in the proportion of 0.
Let stand with occasional shaking, for several hours, to permit the hydrolysis of all the anhydride; then dilute to about 200 cc.
In the seeds of the castor oil plant, especially in the protoplasm of the seed, the enzyme which has the property of causing hydrolysis of the glycerides is found.
It is produced in large quantities by the hydrolysis of starch during the germination of barley and other grains.
The separation of the individual amino-acids from the mixture which results from the hydrolysis of any given protein is a long and tedious process and, at best, yields only moderately satisfactory results.
The fats undoubtedly catabolize first by hydrolysis into glycerol and fatty acids, and then by oxidation possibly first into carbohydrates and then finally into the end-products of oxidation, namely, carbon dioxide and water.
The remaining material is supposed to be also composed of amino-acids which are linked together in some arrangement which is not broken apart by any method of hydrolysis which has yet been devised.
It is worth noting that the solution is not a stable one: on keeping, the cellulose changes its character and undergoes hydrolysis to a greater or less extent.
In one experiment, after sixty days the hydrolysis of the acetylsalicylic acid was 61 per cent.
The amount of hydrolysis varied so with different samples under the same conditions, that it was realized that an approximate assay by this method was unreliable.
Generally the test of identification ishydrolysis of acetylsalicylic acid and qualitative tests for acetic acid and salicylic acid.
When brought into contact with water, chlorlyptus undergoes a process ofhydrolysis .
It may be prepared by the hydrolysis of ethyl acetoacetate, or by passing carbon monoxide over a mixture of sodium acetate and sodium ethylate at 205° C.
It may be artificially prepared by the hydrolysis of isopropylcyanide with alkalies, by the oxidation of isopropyl alcohol with potassium bichromate and sulphuric acid (I.
It may also be mentioned that these zeoses, as well as the elastoses, are very resistant to further hydrolysis by pepsin-acid, and yield only comparatively small amounts of true peptones.
But, as we have seen, even the primary bodies formed in the less profound hydrolysis induced by superheated water, do not show the composition of the mother-proteid.
The products of the enzymic hydrolysis of the hexosephosphates therefore appear to be the same as, or similar to, those formed by the action of acids [Young, 1909].
Experiments with low concentrations of sugar are difficult to interpret, the influence of the hydrolysis of glycogen and of dextrins on the one hand, and the synthesis of sugar to more complex carbohydrates on the other (p.
The sugar which, according to equation (2) accompanies the phosphate formed by the enzymic hydrolysis of hexosephosphate is under ordinary circumstances fermented by the alcoholic enzyme of the juice and thus escapes detection.
Further information was sought by converting all the sugar-yielding constituents of the juice into sugar by hydrolysis before and after the fermentation.
During the whole period of fermentation the enzymic hydrolysis of the hexosephosphate is proceeding according to equation (2).
This, however, could not be expected since hydrolysisand synthesis under these conditions would ultimately proceed at equal rates.
Their hydrolysisby the action of enzymes/ 51 Biochem.
The fractional hydrolysis of optically inactive esters by lipase Part II.
Feeding experiments with rabbits and dogs indicate that the ester is capable of hydrolysis in the animal body, a large proportion of the phosphorus being excreted as inorganic phosphate.
No special study has been made of the diastatic enzymes which bring about the hydrolysis of these substances.
On hydrolysis solanine breaks up into solanidine and a sugar, according to the equation-- [516] Monatsh.
By hydrolysis benzoyl-aconine yields benzoic acid, which can be shaken out of an acid solution by ether and identified; one molecule of benzoic acid is formed from one molecule of benzoyl-aconine.
Solaneine is the name that has been given to the amorphous substance accompanying solanine; on hydrolysis it yields solanidine and the same sugar as solanine.
Pyraconitine readily undergoes hydrolysis by the action of dilute acids, or by potash or soda, or with water in a closed tube; the products are benzoic acid and an alkaloid, to which the name of pyraconine has been given.
The dissolution of the cellulose is not a simple phenomenon, but is attended with hydrolysis and a certain degree of condensation.
In the earlier stages, moreover, the normal hexose constituents of the permanent tissue were hydrolysed in large proportion by the acid, whereas in the matured straw the hydrolysis is chiefly confined to the furfuroids.
It has been already shown that this degree of hydrolysis does not produce molecular disaggregation.
This, however, is a 'net' result, and leaves undetermined the degree of hydration of the recovered cellulose as of hydrolysis of the original to groups of lower molecular weights.
In a carefully regulated hydrolysis following the chlorination it appears that the furfuroids are almost entirely conserved in the form of a cellulose.
The empirical formula of the lignone complex in its isolated forms indicates that very little hydrolysis occurs in the processes of isolation.
The acetates of hydrolysed celluloses manifest a retrogradation in structural and physical properties, proportioned to the degree of hydrolysis of the original.
The authors were unable to obtain any pentoses as products of acid hydrolysis of raw cotton, and traces only of furfural-yielding carbohydrates.
Treatment with the halogens associated with alkaline processes of hydrolysis is the basis of the methods of Hugo Muller (bromine water) and Cross and Bevan (chlorine gas).
The divergence of the numbers, especially for the dibenzoate, in the case of the hydrogen, and yield of cellulose on hydrolysis are noteworthy.
It is readily decomposed by nascent hydrogen, with the formation of ammonia and isoamyl alcohol; and on hydrolysis with caustic potash it forms potassium nitrite and isoamyl alcohol.
Pseudaconitine, obtained from Aconitum ferox, gives on hydrolysis acetic acid and veratrylpseudaconine, the latter of which suffers further hydrolysis to veratric acid and pseudaconine.
CHO; by distilling the calcium salts of the fatty acids with calcium formate; and by hydrolysis of the acetals.
Hydrolysis gives acetic acid and benzaconine, the chief constituent of the alkaloids picraconitine and napelline; further hydrolysis gives aconine.
NH2 + H2CO2; by heating the mustard oils with a mineral acid, by the hydrolysis of the alkyl phthalimides (S.
On heating with water it undergoeshydrolysis into urea and allanturic acid C3H4O3N2.
Prepared from rutin by hydrolysiswith rhamnodiastase.
Defn: A complex sugar, as raffinose, yielding by hydrolysis three simple sugar molecules.
Defn: An unfermentable sugar of the pentose class, C5H10O5, formed by the hydrolysis of xylan; wood sugar.
Comparison of this equation with that on page 30 will make it plain that hydrolysis is just the reverse of neutralization and must, accordingly, interfere with it.
The addition of the hydrochloric acid prevents the formation of ferric hydroxide, and so far reduces the ionization of the water that the hydrolysis of the ferric sulphate is also prevented, and no precipitation occurs on heating.
An actual destruction, probably an hydrolysis of the luciferin molecule, occurred.
Luciferin must have an extraordinary chemical structure if it can be formed by hydrolysis of such diverse compounds as peptone, lecithin, esculin and taurine.
Protein hydrolysis requires the presence of a certain amount of moisture, and if this be removed too rapidly by a forced draught at the early stages of kilning the proteolytic enzymes cannot perform their function.
It may also be obtained by oxidizing allylene and propylene with cold potassium permanganate solution, by the hydrolysis of barbituric acid (malonyl urea) with alkalis (A.
When however the malt is mashed, the starch is attacked by the enzyme diastase, and converted by the process of hydrolysis into a mixture of soluble compounds, e.
Robertson had shown that a substance closely resembling paranucleins both in its properties and its C, H, and N content can be formed from the filtered products of the complete peptic hydrolysis of an approximately four per cent.
Kastle and Loevenhart demonstrated the synthesis of a trace of ethylbutyrate by lipase if the latter enzyme was added to the products of the hydrolysis of ethylbutyrate, ethyl alcohol, and butyric acid by the same enzyme.
They are built up of many sugar molecules, which yield upon complete hydrolysis many molecules of simple sugar.
This sugar, unlike the other members of this group, is not found free in nature, but it is produced as the result of hydrolysis of milk sugar, either by enzymes or by acids.
The pyloric end of the stomach exhibits strong peptonizing powers and much of the hydrolysis of protein takes place here.
Trypsin in the pancreatic juice takes up the hydrolysis of the proteoses and peptones and those proteins which have escaped gastric digestion.
Upon hydrolysisstarch gives first a mixture of dextrin and maltose, then glucose alone as an end-product.
Dextrin~, as has already been stated, is an intermediate product of the hydrolysis of starch by acid or enzymes.
As the process ofhydrolysis proceeds, the amyloins become gradually poorer in amylin and relatively richer in maltose-groups.
Millar, are maltose and glucose, which latter is derived from the hydrolysis of the stable dextrin.
The action of the organisms upon the nitrogenous material by a process of hydrolysis is in the direction of the production of soluble compounds allied to the starch sugars capable of being assimilated by organisms.
In some cases certain crystallisable sugars can be obtained by hydrolysis under suitable conditions.
In many cases the hydrolysis of a salt is only partial, resulting in the formation of basic salts instead of the free base.
Similar basic salts are formed by the hydrolysis of antimony salts.
This is a reversible reaction, however, and hydrolysis can therefore be prevented by first adding a considerable amount of the soluble product of the reaction, namely, hydrochloric acid.
When one of the products of hydrolysisis nearly insoluble in water the solution will become saturated with it as soon as a very little has been formed.
Write the equations showing the hydrolysis of antimony trichloride; of bismuth nitrate.
Moreover, the acids set free in the hydrolysis of the magnesium salts attack the iron tubes and rapidly corrode them.
While hydrolysis is primarily due to the slight extent to which either the acid or the base formed is dissociated, several other factors have an influence upon the extent to which it will take place.
The excess of the sodium hydroxide reverses the reaction of hydrolysis and the normal salt crystallizes out.
The sulphides of calcium, barium, strontium, and magnesium are insoluble in water, but are changed by hydrolysis into acid sulphides which are soluble.
It is because of the hydrolysis of aluminium carbonate that alum is used as a constituent of some baking powders.
What are the products of hydrolysis when stannic chloride is used as a mordant?
The irritating elements may be generally classified as compounds formed upon the addition of cream or milk to the coffee liquor, volatile constituents, and products formed by hydrolysis of the fibrous part of the grounds.
Local overheating and hydrolysis occur, but not to so great an extent as in boiling; and most of the effects of oxidation and volatization of caffeol are absent.
Some of the more delicate constituents are unfavorably affected by such treatment, and undergo hydrolysis and oxidation.
The rate of hydrolysis also increases with temperature: and as these compounds are of an astringent or bitter nature, the solution obtained upon boiling coffee is naturally possessed of a flavor unpleasant to the palate of the connoisseur.
Prolonged contact of coffee with water results in the hydrolysis of some of the insoluble materials and subsequent extraction of the substances thus formed.
Greatest efficiency, when bags are used, is obtained by repouring until all of the liquid has passed twice through the coffee; further repouring extracts too much of the astringent hydrolysis products.
The mineral matter, together with certain decomposition andhydrolysis products of crude fiber and chlorogenic acid, contribute toward the astringency or bitterness of the cup.
COCH3; or by the hydrolysisof diaceto-succinic ester, prepared by the action of iodine on sodium aceto-acetate (L.
Hydrolysis with baryta, or decomposition by the ferment myrosin, gives glucose, allyl mustard oil and potassium bisulphate.
The fat is mixed with 4-6% of the acid and treated with steam in boiling water till the hydrolysis is complete, when on standing the glycerin and sulphuric acid sink to the bottom and the fatty acids rise to the top.
The above list will hopefully give you a few useful examples demonstrating the appropriate usage of "hydrolysis" in a variety of sentences. We hope that you will now be able to make sentences using this word. Other words: catalysis; catalyst; decay; dissociation; fission; splitting
