Reno-pericardial orifice placing the left renal sac or nephridium in communication with the viscero-pericardial sac, the course of which below the nephridial sac is indicated by dotted lines.
The glandular renal tissue is, in fact, confined to a tract extending along that part of the sac's wall which immediately invests the great branchial afferent vein.
The renal sacs and renal glandular tissue are closely connected with the branchial advehent vessels in Nautilus and in the other Cephalopoda.
Two pairs of ctenidia, and two pairs of renal tubes without reno-pericardial apertures.
Dibranchiata), and a single pair of renal organs, opening by apertures right and left of the median anus (fig.
In Loligo the fusion of the two renal organs to form one sac is still more obvious, since the ventral portions are united.
The arrangement is such as to render the typical relations and form of a renaltube difficult to trace.
The coelomic cavity appears as a symmetrical pair of spaces in the mesoderm, right and left of the intestine, and from it grow out the genital ducts and the renal organs.
In all it opens into the pair of renal sacs by an orifice on the wall of each, not far from the external orifice (fig.
Renal glandular masses on the walls of the afferent branchial veins (see fig.
I never saw such free renal hæmorrhage in any of the Mauser or Lee-Metford wounds.
I never saw a case where renal hæmorrhage suggested the removal of the kidney as a primary step, and much doubt whether such a case is likely to be met with, as the result of a wound from a bullet of small calibre.
I have known of many cases of drug habit which have grown out of the administration of morphine for recurring troubles, such as renal colic.
His friend had had occasional attacks of renal colic, and a physician had eased their acuteness with a hypodermic.
These pains may simulate those associated with renal or gastro-intestinal affections.
Some forms of renal syphilis are remediable, but others are not, especially the interstitial kind.
To empty her uterus will, in most cases, relieve the renal trouble, but in any case premature labour is not to be induced rashly: many women escape, when by all the rules they should die.
The effect of large doses is to cause great pain in the renal region and urgent wish to micturate.
The toxic symptoms have already been detailed, the patient usually dying from arrest of the renal functions.
It must not be employed in cases of renal disease, owing to the risks attendant upon absorption.
Take as example the excretory action of the skin, lungs, and the renal organs.
The lungs get rid especially of carbon dioxide; the skin of water; the renal organs of the products of nitrogenous decay.
And the renal organs also eliminate all three of the chief forms of excretory matter.
Next to that I remember the usual schoolboy talk about things hidden and forbidden, but up till I was 12 or so this was simply dirty talk, concerned more with renal and intestinal functions than with any sexual feelings or understanding.
It has long been known that in girls with congenital renal tumors there is an abnormally early growth of axillary and pubic hair; Goldschwend (Präger medizinische Wochenschrift, Nos.
One must also keep in mind renal calculus in determining bowel diseases.
The occurrence of pronounced renal hemorrhage as a first symptom of scurvy is emphasized in many descriptions of this disease, and has impressed itself in the minds of physicians.
General anasarca also occurs, in some cases associated with renal involvement.
The urine, which may have contained red blood-cells or have been markedly hemorrhagic, quickly becomes normal and, in our experience, gives no further evidence of renal damage.
Here a simple tube, the secondary renal duct, develops, near the point of its entry into the cloaca; and this tube grows considerably forward.
The Dicyemida live parasitically in the body-cavity, especially the renal cavities, of the cuttle-fishes.
With its blind upper or anterior end is connected a glandular renal growth, that owes its origin to a differentiation of the last part of the primitive kidneys.
In the Selachii also we find a longitudinal row of segmental canals on each side, which open outwards into the primitive renal ducts (nephrotomes, Chapter 1.
We find in these a urinary bladder that proceeds from the lower wall of the hind end of the gut, and serves as receptacle for the renal secretions.
To the nutritive apparatus belong the alimentary canal with all its appendages, the vascular system, and the renal (kidney) system.
Decoctions of Egyptian mummies were much commended, and often prescribed with due academical solemnity; and the bones of the human skull, pulverized and administered with oil, were used as a specific in cases of renal calculus.
An ovarian tumour, supposed to be a renal cyst, has been successfully extracted through an incision in the ilio-costal space (Le Bec).
The tumours when small and placed laterally simulate ovarian cysts; when large and lying high in the abdomen they have been mistaken for renal tumours, and when low in the pelvis they have been regarded as incarcerated ovarian cysts.
About half an inch below its junction with the renal vein or the vena cava, as the case may be, it is securely ligatured and divided; the vein is then slit up and the clot turned out.
Amongst the Gasteropods and Pteropods there are present provisional renal organs, which may be of two kinds, and a permanent renal organ.
The structure and development of these remarkable parasites in the renal organs of the Cephalopoda have recently been greatly elucidated by the researches of E.
This organ is probably of the same nature as the provisionalrenal organ in other Pulmonata.
These are probably not homologous with the provisional renal organ of Nassa and other marine Prosobranchiata.
As has already been stated, it is probable that the infusoriform embryos leave the renal organs of their host and lead a free existence.
It coexists in Lymnaeus with provisionalrenal organs of the type of those in marine Prosobranchiata.
On each side of the foot there appears a protuberance of epiblast cells, which forms a provisionalrenal organ.
It is not improbable that the enigmatical infusoriform embryo may develop into a sexual form, the progeny of which are destined to complete the cycle of development by becoming again parasitic in the renal organ of a Cephalopod.
The provisional internal renal organ is found in many pulmonate Gasteropods--Lymnaeus, Planorbis, etc.
In Limax embryos Gegenbaur found a pair of elongated provisional branched renal sacks, the walls of which contained concretions.
Cilia appear simultaneously over the general surface, and the embryo makes its way out of the body of the parent, usually at the cephalic pole, and becomes itself parasitic in the renal organ of the host in which it finds itself.
There is but little doubt of its being glandular, and it is possible that it is a provisional renal organ, though so far as I know concretions have not yet been found in it.
Patients may pass gravel for years without having an attack of renal (kidney) colic, and a stone may never lodge in the ureter.
Albuminuria is therefore a cause, not a result, of renal disease.
Here we have all the circumstances from which experience would lead us to anticipate renal disease, viz.
The excessive micturition so universal in infancy, occasioned by excess in diet, is the beginning of renal disease.
Other travelers within the Arctic circle bear the same testimony, and I have been informed by those familiar with the cold districts of North America, that there renal dropsy is unknown.
The renal lesions he ascribes to mechanical irritation of the tubules of the kidney by the constant passage of albumen through them.
The renal organ opens near the branchial nerve, and the ovary at the base of the abdominal mass.
He claims to have been one of the first to show the termination of the oviducts and renal organs between the processes of the branchiae in the Chitons.
The renal organ opens into the bottom of the branchial cavity, contrary to its disposition in Helix and Lymnaeus, where its exit is near the respiratory orifice.
The internal treatment of renal tuberculosis was ineffectual, surgical treatment has been attended with greater success.
Pains are only sometimes felt in the renal regions; fever may be occasionally attendant.
The symptoms of renal tuberculosis are of such general and indefinite character, that it is often impossible to fully determine the disease.
The instance of the eloquent Robert Hall is an example of renal calculus acting in this way: he suffered the most excruciating agony for years, and was obliged to take enormous quantities of opium in order to make life endurable.
The passage of renal or hepatic calculi may give rise to symptoms falsely suggesting neuralgia, which require just to be mentioned here.
I have elsewhere explained that the impaction of a renal or an hepatic calculus, in the ureter or the ductus choledochus, may set up a true neuralgia in persons with the requisite congenital predisposition.
But there is no need to dwell much upon the diagnosis, for the passage of renal or hepatic calculi has always attendant symptoms and features of constitutional history, which ought to preserve the physician from mistake.
One strange effect of this strong and perfectly unfeigned passion was that Madame de Renal almost shared his carelessness and gentle gaiety.
Renal albuminuria refers to albumin which has passed from the blood into the urine through the walls of the kidney tubules or the glomeruli.
Blood comes from the kidney tubules in severe hyperemia, in some forms of nephritis, and in renal tuberculosis and malignant disease.
These include the inflammatory and degenerative changes commonly grouped {71} together under the name of nephritis, and also renal tuberculosis, neoplasms, and cloudy swelling due to irritation of toxins and drugs.
Renal cells are abundant in parenchymatous nephritis, especially the acute form.
Renal albuminuria may be referred to one or more of the following causes.
Blood comes from the pelvis of the kidney in renal calculus (Fig.
When they are dark in color, very granular, and contain a comparatively large nucleus, they probably come from the renal tubules, but their origin in the kidney is not proved unless they are found embedded in casts.
It is small in cloudy swelling from toxins and drugs, and variable in renal tuberculosis and neoplasms.
The renal affection, which, as we have seen, so often commences in the declining period of scarlet fever or during convalescence in mild as well as severe cases, is frequently more dangerous than the primary disease.
The dropsical dilatations of the antrum, the vermiform appendage, the uterus, the biliary and renal canals furnish instances of tumors resulting from the retention of secretion on a large scale.
Owing to the intemperate and exposed lives of many of the patients, renal lesions might reasonably be expected in no small proportion.
It is not satisfactory to say that the renal blood-vessels are the first to give way, because they are accidentally more weakened than other parts of the vascular system, or accidentally more often the seat of congestion.
In the renal form dry, and in some cases cut, cups should be applied externally and saline diuretics given internally.
The first effects of a moderately large dose are gastric and, more especially, renal irritation; the latter it was which I experienced when I took half an ounce twenty-five years ago.
In the arrest of renal secretion diuretics, cupping over the lumbar region, and large injections of warm water into the bowels may be resorted to.
The kidneys often present unmistakable signs of renal disease in the swollen granular and more or less fatty condition of their gland-cells according to the duration of the disease.
In a case of dropsy of cardiac andrenal origin (albuminuria) in which there was great oedema, cured in two or three weeks.
Pain in left kidney, long continued, as from the presence of a renal calculus.
There are two kinds of renal calculi, the phosphatic and the uric, which should be triturated as separate preparations.
The above list will hopefully give you a few useful examples demonstrating the appropriate usage of "renal" in a variety of sentences. We hope that you will now be able to make sentences using this word.
