In all these cases the subject of the predication is an entire proposition.
When we predicate "being" of its modes the predication is not merely equivocal.
Analogical predication is of two kinds: a term or concept may be affirmed of a variety of subjects either by analogy of attribution or by analogy of proportion.
And must not the conditions on which reality verifies the predication be determined by the mind?
This, of course, is the proper sort of analogical predication: the predication based upon similarity of proportions or relations.
Hence it is that Aristotle regards predication as analogical when something is affirmed of many things (1) either because these have a certain relation to some one thing, (2) or because they depend on some one thing.
A predication as complement is often parallel with a disjunctive object modifier, i.
Especially common is a whole predication as a predicate describing or characterizing the subject: Ang kúba ay mahína` ang katawàn.
It is as though the whole predication were objectivized: Nang dumatìng ako doòn ay sya y walá na.
A predication as subject is rare: Mabúti táyo y dumoòn sa isa ng lugàr.
An entire predication may be used as subject, predicate, or attribute in a longer sentence.
To it goodness cannot be ascribed; indeed no predicate can be properly applied to it, for any predication implies relation: in earlier language than Mr Bradley's it involves determination and therefore negation.
Back of Plato's illustration and explanation of predication and dialectical inference there lies not only the question of their metaphysical grounding in the interconnexion of ideas, but that of their epistemological presuppositions.
This extreme of nominalism for whichpredication is impossible is, however, compromised by two concessions.
These theories are of varying value in proportion to their proximity to Aristotle's point that predication is about things, and to Mill's point that judgments and propositions are about things, not about ideas.
The development of a positive theory of predication has become quite crucial.
Side-note: Argument against those who admit no predication to be legitimate, except identical.
Side-note: The theory now stated is the only one, yet given, which justifies predication as a legitimate process, with a predicate different from the subject.
He applies this to prove that Non-Ens may be predicated as well as Ens: assuming that such predicationof Non-Ens constitutes a false proposition.
All these difficulties and others to which we shall come presently, noway peculiar to Antisthenes--attest the incomplete formal logic of the time: the want of a good theory respecting predication and the function of the copula.
The predication respecting the six dice denotes nothing real, independent, absolute, inhering in them: for they have undergone no change.
Argument against those who admit no predication to be legitimate, except identical.
The propositions above would be classified as follows:-- Major premise: All men are mortal, a predication about all men.
The most generally received notion of Predication decidedly is that it consists in referring something to a class, i.
The word which thus serves the purpose of a sign of predication is called, as we formerly observed, the copula.
These propositions exemplify different ways in common speech of naming a subject exclusively, the predication being made of all outside a certain term.
If in neither premiss there is a predication about the whole, there is no case for the application of the axiom.
Yet many writers who adopt both follow mediaeval usage in treating P as the equivalent of an adjective, and consequently "is" as identical with the verb of incomplete predication in common speech.
The Axiom is simply convertible because for purposes of predication generic whole and specific or individual parts taken all together are identical.
The combination is a singular name only when it is the subject of a predication or an attribution, as in the sentences, "The position of the leading subject of etc.
But before showing how he exhibited the interconnexion of propositions on this plan, we may turn aside to consider various so-called Theories of Predication or of Judgment.
But if this is called a Theory of Predication or Judgment, and taken psychologically as a theory of what is in men's minds whenever they utter a significant Sentence, it is manifestly wrong.
The condition of the validity of this argument is ultimately the same with that of Deductive argument, the identity for purposes of predication of a generic whole with the sum of its constituent parts.
Abstract forms of predication are employed in common speech quite as frequently as concrete, and are, as we shall see, a great source of ambiguity and confusion.
The true Aristotelian doctrine is not that predicationconsists in referring subjects to classes, but only that for certain logical purposes it may be so regarded.
Reducing to the first figure, then, amounts simply to making the predication of the proposition alleged as ground uniform with the conclusion based upon it.
This mode ofpredication seems to have been much in use amongst the Hebrews; vid.
In considering, therefore, the Maori verbs, we shall have to examine, not only those words which have been invested with the properties belonging to that class; but also those forms in which no mark of predication is expressed.
In those languages the verb is a leading word in the sentence, and by it exclusively is the office of affirmation or predication performed.
The realist argument, moreover, demands that the mind ought not to be able to conceive the predication of qualities to things.
If, therefore, the predication of existence does not necessitate actual objective existence of the thing, we are driven to deny externality altogether, and to hold that the thing exists in the mind as a mere idea.
Did you ever know any predication that had a soul?
But the distance of some creatures makes any univocal predication of them impossible, as in the case of those things which are not in the same genus.
Therefore much less can anything be predicated univocally of God and creatures; and so only equivocal predication can be applied to them.
I answer that, Univocal predication is impossible between God and creatures.
For these reasons proceed from the different predication of the name, and not from its various significations.
The species of a given genus are to one another as before and after, like numbers and figures, if considered in their nature; although they may be said to be simultaneous, according as they receive the predication of the common genus.
Notice that a verb of incomplete predication may be of two kinds,--transitive and intransitive.
A complement is a word added to a verb of incomplete predication to complete its meaning.
Personally, I think that predication is a muddled notion confusing many different relations under a convenient common form of speech.
In this way the predication of properties veils radically different relations between entities.
This mode of stating the axiom contemplates predication as being made in extension, whereas it is more naturally to be regarded as being made in intension.
In such a proposition as 'This man is John,' we have neither a predication of genus or species nor of attribute: but merely the identification of one term with another, as applying to the same object.
We therefore recognise predication as being of two kinds--affirmation and negation--corresponding to which there are two forms of copula.
For definition is of things through names, and an attributive out of predication is not the name of anything.
Aristotle himself, by adopting a different basis of division, has allowed room in his classification for the mixed forms of predication above alluded to.
Mill[530] remarks that his father's theory of predicationconsistently omits 'the element Belief.
Moreover, it was shown that this pre-conceptual kind of predication is itself the product of a gradual development.
Quitting, then, all these old-world fallacies which were based on an absence of information, we must accept the analysis of predication as this has been supplied to us by the advance of science.
Freely admitting, they may say, that the issue must be thrown back from predication as it occurs in Greek to predication as it occurs in savage languages of low development, still we are in the presence of predication all the same.
Furthermore, we have seen that in gesture language, as in the forms of primitive speech now preserved in roots, the purposes of predication are largely furthered by the mere apposition of denotative terms.
Now, if all these things are so, we are entitled to affirm that analysis has displayed an uninterrupted transition between the denotation of a brute and the predication of a man.
But, again, we may expect some agreement between them and the fundamental forms of predication (ante, chap.
Real Propositions comprise the predication of Propria and Accidentia.
Disjunctive propositions are those in which the condition under which predication is made is not explicit but only implied under the disguise of an alternative proposition, as Joe Smith was either a prophet or an impostor.
Proprium and Accident bear the same relation to one another as Derivative and Empirical Laws: the predication of a proprium is a derivative law, and the predication of an accident is an empirical law.
But what predication is possible concerning the hats of all members of Parliament from the beginning?
The subject may be a general term taken in its full denotation, as All apes are sagacious; and in this case a Predication is made concerning the whole subject distributively; that is, of each and everything the subject stands for.
It may be added that, as the genus represents ancestral derivation, the predication of genus in a definition indicates the remote causes of the phenomena denoted by the name defined.
In this case, as well as in singular propositions, a predication is made concerning the whole subject as a whole.
If we deny any predication about Some S, we must deny it of All S; since in denying it of Some, we have denied it of at least part of All; and whatever is false in one form of words is false in any other.
The affirmation and the negation of the same attribute can not but divide the whole field of predication between them.
The words which serve to indicate predication are verbs.
But, in the great majority of verbs, the word is the sign of a complex idea, and the predication is expressed only by its form.
The form of words which expresses a predication is a proposition.
The linguistic machinery for the expression of belief is called predication; and, as all beliefs express ideas of relation, we may say that the sign of predication is the verbal symbol of a feeling of relation.
In such a case as this, the verb expresses predication and nothing else, and is called a copula.
The axiom, that things which are equal to the same are equal to one another, is only a particular case of the predication of similarity; if there were no impressions, it is obvious that there could be no predicates.
And yet it is evident that this predication corresponds to actualities existing in the thing or end, on account of which it is pronounced desirable or, under proper conditions, desired.
That desirability is a predicationof consciousness is true in a sense.
It is often said that desirability is a mere predication of consciousness and does not lie in the object or end itself.
