Those responses to stimuli may result in change of structure, and thus the evolution of the body will be adaptive and follow along definite lines.
Some may consider this as an additional argument, that stimuli act upon muscles only through the medium of nerves.
The conduction of stimuli is simpler in the lower animals and the plants; the tissue-cells either directly affect each other or are connected by fine threads of plasm.
What we call sensation or perception of stimuli may be regarded as a special form of the living force or actual energy (Ostwald).
In man and all the higher animals the stimuli are received by the organs of sense and conducted by their nerves to the central organ.
By "organic sensations" modern physiology understands the perception of certain internal bodily states, which are mostly brought about by chemical stimuli (to a small extent by mechanical and other irritation) in the organs themselves.
Direct or sensible beauty (the subject of sensual aesthetics) is the direct perception of agreeable stimuli by the sense-organs.
This is more difficult with the internal stimuli within the organism itself, which are only partly exposed to physiological investigation.
The science of the stimuli and their effects acquired a strictly physical character.
The numbers of different stimuli that act chemically on the plasm and excite its "sensation of matter" may be divided into two groups--external and internal stimuli.
But in these aquatic vertebrates the chemical action of the olfactory stimuli must be of a different character, like the sensation of taste.
In unicellular plants and animals the action of chemical stimuliis especially conspicuous when it is one-sided, and provokes definite movements in one particular direction (chemotaxis).
Lack of appetite, lack of energy, lack of response tostimuli are its keynotes and the motifs of the later years of childhood.
A lowered blood pressure and a marked insensitivity to painful and emotional stimuli go with it.
But also determinant are the environment stimuli provoking excessive or deficient secretory reactions from the other endocrines involved, through the vegetative nervous system.
Indeed, stimuli may be considered to modify an organism only in so far as they modify the glands of internal secretion.
Made to react to stimuli of offense and defense, instantaneously responsive to situations involving energy exchanges and protective reflexes, they are never for any minute the same or alone.
In this field successful teachers have discovered that much is gained by more or less artificial stimuli which seem to be altogether outside of the work required to form a habit.
In school work when we are successful children attend to those stimuli which promise most for the formation of habits, or the growth in understanding and appreciation which will fit them for participation in our social life.
The two senses which furnish the stimuli for this sort of appreciation are the eye and the ear--the former combining sensations under space form and the latter under time form to produce aesthetic feelings.
They instinctively respond to the very great variety of stimuli with which they come in contact.
The application of electric stimuli to the surface of the cortex does not for the greater part of the extent of the cortex evoke in higher mammalian brains any obvious effect; no muscular act is provoked.
On the other hand, in the case of visual stimuli the locus of incidence, owing to the rectilinear propagation of light, can serve with extraordinary exactitude for inferences as to the position of their source.
Electric stimuli applied to a part of the uppermost temporal gyrus excites movements of the ears and eyes in the dog.
Considering the diffuse way in which olfactory stimuli are applied in comparison, for instance, with visual, the exact localization of the former can obviously yield little information of use for locating the exact position of their source.
Here, before all things, it must be insisted that the individual nature of the cell determines the specific fashion in which the cell will react to the varying stimuli coming from varying conditions.
He incorporates in the rudiment what really are stimuli coming from external conditions during the process of development; he makes a grave confusion between the rudiment and the conditions of its development.
From these abnormal stimuli there result active masses of cells which grow into organs of definite form and of complex structure.
The prestige of the leader is acquired as the result of any action of the group under stimuli that produce either fear or anger.
These emotions of fear or anger seem to be the necessary positive stimuli to induce the moods of war.
This aesthetic love of the home land is a response to such stimuli as the beautiful arouses everywhere.
Conduct and purpose are too discontinuous and fragmentary; or perhaps we had better say that the stimuli of the moment are too likely to control conduct.
In auricular flutter there is always present a certain amount of heart block, not all the stimuli reaching the ventricle.
Though a wonderfully tireless mechanism, this region may fall out of adjustment, and the stimuli proceeding from it may not be normal or act normally.
Various stimuli coming through the pneumogastric nerves, either from above or from the peripheral endings in the stomach or intestines, may inhibit or slow the ventricular contractions.
Injury to the auricle, or pressure for any reason on the auricle, may so disturb the transmission ofstimuli and contractions that the contractions of the ventricle are very much fewer than the stimuli proceeding from the auricle.
These stimuli are irregular in intensity, and the contractions caused are irregular in degree.
It awakens nervous stimuli and nervous transmissions to normal in all sluggish nerve functions.
Such rapid stimuli may soon cause death; or, if for any reason, medicinal or otherwise, the ventricle becomes indifferent to these stimuli, it may not take note of more than a certain portion of the stimuli.
These little irregularstimuli proceeding from the auricle reach the auriculoventricular node and are transmitted to the ventricle as rapidly as the ventricle is able to react.
There is always a certain amount of heart block associated with auricular fibrillation so that not all of the auricular stimuli pass through the bundle of His.
When we look at these phenomena in their broadest biological aspects, love is only to a limited extent a response to beauty; to a greater extent beauty is simply a name for the complexus of stimuli which most adequately arouses love.
We have seen that it is possible to set forth in a brief space the facts at present available concerning the influence on the pairing impulse of stimuli acting through the ear.
The predominance of the olfactory area in the nervous system of the vertebrates generally has inevitably involved intimate psychic associations between olfactory stimuli and the sexual impulse.
An animal not only receives adequate sexual excitement from olfactory stimuli, but those stimuli often suffice to counterbalance all the evidence of the other senses.
In the actual contacts of life the individual may find that his sexual impulse is stirred by sensory stimuli which are other than those of the ideal he had cherished and may even be the reverse of them.
At the same time, the stimuli to sexual excitement received through the sense of hearing, although very seldom of exclusive or preponderant influence, are yet somewhat more important than is usually believed.
They are the most generalstimuli in lower animals.
The External Sensory Stimuli Affecting Selection in Man--The Four Senses Involved.
She must unfold her life activity in response to the direct, unmediated stimuli of the economic environment with which she is in contact.
The plain man will ordinarily fight only when excessive momentary irritation or alcoholic exaltation act to inhibit the more complex habits of response to the stimuli that make for provocation.
Institutions must change with changing circumstances, since they are of the nature of an habitual method of responding to the stimuli which these changing circumstances afford.
This boy and weather-cock have the opposite defect to that of the previous pair: they give different responses to stimuli which do not differ in any relevant way.
In fact, it is not an isolated stimulus that leaves an engram, but the totality of the stimuli at any moment; consequently any portion of this totality tends, if it recurs, to arouse the whole reaction which was aroused before.
The observable fact is that, when a certain complex of stimuli has originally caused a certain complex of reactions, the recurrence of part of the stimuli tends to cause the recurrence of the whole of the reactions.
We may then set up the following definitions: An instrument is "reliable" with respect to a given set of stimuli when to stimuli which are not relevantly different it gives always responses which are not relevantly different.
In such a case we call the engrams of the two stimuli "associated.
An instrument is a "measure" of a set of stimuli which are serially ordered when its responses, in all cases where they are relevantly different, are arranged in a series in the same order.
What we observe is that certain present stimuli lead us to recollect certain occurrences, but that at times when we are not recollecting them, there is nothing discoverable in our minds that could be called memory of them.
When two stimuli occur together, one of them, occurring afterwards, may call out the reaction for the other also.
We call this an "ekphoric influence," and stimuli having this character are called "ekphoric stimuli.
A good instrument, or a person with much knowledge, will give different responses to stimuli which differ in relevant ways.
The factors open to external observation are primarily habits, having the peculiarity that very similar reactions are produced by stimuli which are in many respects very different from each other.
Thus, for instance, if two stimuli of equal intensity be applied simultaneously at the opposite sides of a globular Echinus, the animal begins to walk in a direction at right angles to an imaginary line joining these two points.
The nectocalyx is now responsive to stimuli applied at the tentacles, and sometimes two or three contractions will follow such a stimulus, as if the spontaneity of the animal were slightly aroused by the irritation.
To do this, I must first describe the method which I adopted in order to obtain a graphic record of the movements which were given in response to the stimuli supplied.
It therefore becomes difficult to administer the appropriate thermal stimulus without at the same time causing a sufficient mechanical disturbance to render it doubtful to which of the stimuli the response is due.
After stimulation of any part of the nectocalyx (including tentacles) fails to produce response in any part of the organism, the manubrium will continue its response to stimuli applied directly to itself.
In some cases, by exploring with graduated stimuliand needle-point terminals, I was able to ascertain the precise line through which this eruption of stimulating influence had taken place.
As this extraordinary difference in the latent period exhibited by the same animal towards different kinds of stimuli appeared to me a matter of considerable interest, I was led to reflect upon the probable cause of the difference.
It should be noted that sexual precocity or vice retards the development of puberty, while healthful psychic stimuli are favourable to it.
The methods of instruction should rigorously avoid any form of fatigue, and instead provide the child with psychic stimuli designed to overcome a sluggishness due to the mental prostration to which he is for the most part subject.
This fable embodies the idea that maternal love may modify the body of the child, aiding its evolution toward a harmony of form by means of the first psychic stimuli of caresses and counsel.
Great workers not only need abundant nutriment, but they require at the same time a series of stimuli designed to produce "pleasure.
Psychic stimuli may render such development precocious, and, on the contrary, their absence may retard it.
The present life history with its varied experiences do but act as stimuli or as exciting factors to bring once more into activity functions which have been preserved in the organic structure of the nervous system.
Gradually, as the scale of life is ascended, certain parts of the organisms become specially sensitive to certain stimuli and eventually individual organs give separate and distinct reports of phenomena.
Greater precision must be conferred upon this conception by showing specifically in what ways, and by what associative mechanisms, the persevering and unadjusted stimuli evoke the dream-images.
Such stimuli are enjoyable and provocative of development.
Two types of stimuli lead to stammering, either internal conflicts, or external instigators which throw these conflicts into activity.
But, beside impelling the individual to react to certain definite kinds ofstimuli with certain definite types of conduct, an instinct, when stimulated, gives rise in every case to an emotion which is characteristic of it.
Reactions of cockroaches to certain stimuli in the environment undoubtedly do result in aggregations of individuals.
When ends are regarded as literally ends to action rather than as directive stimuli to present choice they are frozen and isolated.
At critical moments of unusual stimuli the emotional outbreak and rush of instincts dominating all activity show how superficial is the modification which a rigid habit has been able to effect.
The introduction of many novel stimuli creates occasions where habits afford no ballast.
The primary fact is that man is a being who responds in action to the stimuli of the environment.
The alleged need of an incentive to stir men out of quiescent inertness is the need of an incentive powerful enough to overcome contrary stimuli which proceed from the social conditions.
The stimuli for economic activity (in the sense in which business means activity subject to monetary reckoning) are found in non-pecuniary, non-economic activities.
The essence of these techniques is in the proper programing of environmental stimuli ([ref.
Heat is one of those stimuli which act upon the excitability, and support life: for if it was totally withdrawn, we should not be able to exist even a few minutes; and cold is only a diminution of heat.
These stimuli are subject to the same laws with all the others which act upon the body.
Perhaps an impulse vibrating at a certain rate may arouse cells or fibrils tuned by past stimuli to respond to this particular rate of vibration.
This vibration is maintained by the stimuli of the present, which awaken memories of former stimuli, and are themselves at the same time modified by these.
Applications, for example, of heat or of electricity excite no responses of a positive kind unless the stimuli are so violent as to bring about actual destruction.
As a rule the ladies were especially interested in the Enigmas, leaving the mathematical portions to the men of letters, clergymen, and schoolmasters who solaced their winter evenings with the stimulioffered by the Woman's Almanack.
It is difficult to imagine what the withdrawal of all these opportunities would mean in the reduction of adequate stimuli to good work.
If the faculties are few, very simple stimuli will suffice.
In morbidly sensitive persons both pain and sensation are induced by lower stimuli than in the healthy, but the number of just perceptible grades of sensation between them is not necessarily different.
The stimuli may be of any description: the only important matter is that all the faculties should be kept working to prevent their perishing by disuse.
They afford stimuli that oppress and worry the weakly, who complain and bewail, and it may be succumb to them, but which the energetic man welcomes with a good-humoured shrug, and is the better for in the end.
As will appear later, it is of the utmost importance that the influence of other stimuli than sound be avoided during the tests and that the age of the mouse be known.
Cyon observed that certain strong stimuli evoked pain cries; but later in his investigation he noticed that four individuals, all of which were males, never responded thus to disagreeable stimulation (11 p.
Its rate of respiration is changed by the sounds, and although a sound does not bring about a bodily movement, it does very noticeably influence movements in response to other stimuli which occur simultaneously with the sound.
Consequently visual stimuli usually are not disturbing factors in the auditory tests with mice less than sixteen days old.
I have never conducted an experiment which gave me as much discomfort as this; it was like being set to whip a deaf child because it did not learn to respond to stimuli which it could not feel.
Individual differences in sensitiveness to visual, auditory, tactual, and olfactory stimuli have been revealed by many of my experiments.
The above list will hopefully give you a few useful examples demonstrating the appropriate usage of "stimuli" in a variety of sentences. We hope that you will now be able to make sentences using this word.
