Not till 1741 did Vitus Behring thread the thousand islands of Sitka and gaze upon the glaciated crest of Mt.
It drains a cordon of glaciated peaks, from which it bears a vast volume of water, foaming and frothing with frequent cataracts down the steep descent, from fifty to a hundred feet to the mile.
This, however, was not the primary cause of glaciation, for many of the areas which were soon to be glaciated were little above sea level.
The present glaciated regions, be it noted, are on the polar borders of the world's two most stormy oceanic areas, just where ice would be expected to last longest according to the solar cyclonic hypothesis.
Other topics to be considered are the occurrence of pluvial or rainy climates in non-glaciated regions, and glaciation near sea level in subtropical latitudes during the Permian and Proterozoic.
Indeed, the northern margin of the continent was apparently relatively little glaciated and much of Alaska unglaciated.
In each of these cases the glaciated region was large enough so that there was probably a true anti-cyclonic area comparable with that now prevailing over southern Greenland.
The presence of extensive lakes and other evidences of a pluvial climate during glacial periods in non-glaciated regions which are normally dry is another of the facts which most glacial hypotheses fail to explain satisfactorily.
Why should northern Kentucky be glaciated when northern Alaska was not?
In central Asia evidence of post-glacial stages is found not only in five distinct moraines but in a corresponding series of elevated strands surrounding salt lakes and of river terraces in non-glaciated arid regions.
In the same way the western side of the Sierra Nevadas was much more heavily glaciated than the eastern side.
Even the most strenuous upholders of the efficacy of icebergs as originators of some boulder-clays, admit that the boulder-clay or till, of what we may call the inner or central region of a glaciated tract is the product of land-ice.
Thus in Pleistocene times North America was more extensively glaciated than northern Europe, just as to-day Greenland shows more snow and ice than Scandinavia.
I have mentioned the fact that in Europe we have, outside of the glaciated areas, certain accumulations (such as the Gibraltar breccias) which could only have been formed under the influence of extreme cold.
For, under existing geographical conditions, could a sufficient lowering of temperature be brought about, snow-fields and ice-sheets would gather and increase over the very same areas as we know wereglaciated in Pleistocene times.
Again, the Vosges appear to have been more severely glaciated than the mountains of middle Germany; and so likewise the old glaciers of the western Alps were on a much more extensive scale than those towards the east end of the chain.
It is quite unnecessary, however, that I should give even the slightest sketch of the aspect presented by the glaciatedtracts of our hemisphere at the climax of the Ice Age.
Such being the general conditions that must have obtained in the non-glaciated areas, let us very briefly consider what the results of such conditions must necessarily have been.
Those non-glaciated regions which lay north of the latitudes reached by the ice-sheets were dry regions in glacial times for the same reasons that they are dry still.
Croll and others have advocated the view that the great accumulations of ice of the Glacial period may have displaced the earth's centre of gravity, and thus caused the sea to rise upon the glaciated hemisphere.
The same result follows where no barrier on the land side exists, but where a granitic or glaciated soil in the interior discourages agriculture and landward expansion, as in Brittany, Maine, and Newfoundland.
If we now turn to the valley profiles of the glaciated portions of the Peruvian Andes, we shall see the excess of ice over water erosion expressed in a manner equally convincing.
Thus, above Arma, one plunges suddenly from the smooth, grassy glades of the strongly glaciated valley head down over the outer slopes of the lowermost terminal moraine to the steep lower valley.
Relation of cirque wall to trough's end at the head of a glaciated valley.
Other patches grow on the floors of the glaciated valley troughs.
First we have the hypothesis of periodic retreat, so generally applied to terminal moraines and associated outwash in glaciated mountain valleys.
The belt of rugged country represents the lofty, steep, exposed, and largely inaccessible ridges at the mid-elevations of the mountains below the glaciated slopes at the heads of tributary valleys.
Terminal moraine in theglaciated Choquetira Valley below Choquetira.
The floors of the glaciated valleys were smoothed and broadened and their gradients flattened (Figs.
In a few places an older topography, glacially modified, may still be seen showing through a veneer of recent ash and cinder deposits, clear evidence that the loftier parts of the lava plateau were glaciated before the last volcanic eruption.
The number of moraines in the various glaciated valleys of the Cordillera Vilcapampa differ, owing to differences in elevation and to the variable size of the catchment basins.
The next interesting feature of glaciated regions is the occurrence of those curious mountain forms which have special names in nearly every recently-glaciated region.
A diagrammatic cross-section of a recently glaciated valley.
The reason why they have been so much photographed leads us to consider another peculiarity of the glaciated valley.
The most active discussion has taken place in regard to the peculiar features of the valleys in recently-glaciated districts, and we shall discuss especially this point.
Profile of the Maderaner thal in Switzerland, to show the staircase arrangement peculiar to recently glaciated valleys.
This is a very important feature of glaciated valleys--the fact that their tributaries are markedly discordant, that is, that there is marked difference of level between the beds of the side and main streams.
It is, however, of great importance to the geographer that recently glaciated surfaces should be studied from every point of view, for from this detailed study are emerging many important generalisations.
There is one other point which must be alluded to even in this very brief consideration of the effect of the ice age upon the physical geography of the glaciated regions.
Wild Basin, a broken and glaciated region of twenty-five square miles, lies immediately south of the Peak.
This glaciated wall, only a few degrees off the perpendicular, rises comparatively smooth for several hundred feet.
There she stood on a smoothly glaciated point, a splendid statue of alertness.
Most of the territory was glaciated during the last ice age, and there still remain five small glaciers and a number of ice-fields.
Richthofen was formed with a rounded dome of glaciated rock remaining near the centre.
An exceedingly fine specimen of a glaciated lava surface attracted Thomas and myself.
We therefore seem to have no available agency by which to get rid of the ice over a glaciated hemisphere, so long as the geographical conditions remained unchanged and the excentricity continued high.
A survey of the present condition of the earth supports this view, for though we have enormous mountain ranges in every latitude, there is no glaciated country south of Greenland in N.
Croll has somewhat exaggerated the universality and complete preservation of the glaciated surface.
We have seen reason to believe, however, that during the height of the glacial epoch the extreme cold persisted through the successive phases of precession, and if so, both polar areas would probably be glaciated at once.
We have here most of the surface phenomena characteristic of a glaciated country, only a few degrees south of the tropic; and taken in connection with the indications of recent glaciation in New Zealand, and those discovered by Dr.
It is proved by the extent of the glaciated area, which extends on the mainland as far south as Hamburg, Berlin, and Posen, and over the entire British Isles at the same time.
The most disagreeable incident of the journey was a dense and shifting fog, which so blocked out the landscape of early evening as to necessitate "feeling" the brokenness of a glaciated country in order to ascertain wherein lay the trail.
With the elimination of the northern part of the "U", the eastern and western arms became isolated, if not by the width of the Columbian Plateau at least by the glaciated Cascade Mountains.
Then the whole country was covered with snow, and we slided almost the whole way down over glaciated slopes.
No lofty commanding mountain masses rise above this maze, and the eye searches in vain for the isolated, glaciated summits seen in East Tibet.
Its ability to find a sure footing on even smoothly glaciated rocks is due to the peculiar structure of the feet, which have a rubber-like pad beneath the sharp-pointed and sharp-edged hoofs.
The time since the melting of the glaciers has been too short for a new soil to form, except in the valleys and depressions among the bare glaciated hills, which hold a peaty accumulation resulting from the partial decay of vegetation.
Leaving modern Vilcabamba, we crossed the flat, marshy bottom of an old glaciated valley, in which one of our mules got thoroughly mired while searching for the succulent grasses which cover the treacherous bog.
It proved to be one of the largest undescribed glaciated areas in South America.
To these soils and subsoils a large part of the wealth and prosperity of the glaciated regions of our country must be attributed.
The remains of Pleistocene man are naturally found either in caverns, where they escaped destruction by the ice sheets, or in deposits outside the glaciated area.
Cirques andglaciated valleys rapidly lose their characteristic forms after the ice has withdrawn.
Within the limits of the glaciated area it covers the country without regard to the relief, mantling with its debris not only lowlands and valleys but also highlands and mountain slopes.
In this way pebbles torn by the inland ice from the rocks of the interior of Greenland and glaciated during their carriage in the ground moraine are dropped at last among the oozes of the bottom of the North Atlantic.
On mountains now destitute of glaciers, but whose glaciation shows that they have supported glaciers in the past, there are found similar crescentic hollows with high, precipitous walls and glaciated floors.
Usually the sides of glaciated pebbles are more worn than the ends, and the scratches upon them run with the longer axis of the stone.
It is a tranquil land deposit of fine glacial mud, from sheets of water which inundated the country when great rivers from glaciated districts ran at higher levels, and began to excavate their present valleys.
One of the strongest of his arguments is derived from the distribution of the vegetation, which in America has regained possession, by migration, of the glaciated district.
It did not inhabit the glaciated canyons leading west from Chandler Lake, except at their mouths.
In one mile of a glaciatedcanyon southwest of the south end of Chandler Lake (Aug.
From the still earlier glacial period our data are naturally much more meager, but it seems probable that it was characterized by glaciated areas within both the northern and the southern hemispheres.
Idealistic sketch showing both glaciated and nonglaciated side valleys tributary to a glaciated main valley (after Davis).
Convict Lake, a lake behind a moraine dam within a glaciated valley of the Sierra Nevadas, California (after a photograph by Fairbanks).
Behind the recessional moraines within the glaciatedvalley are found the valley moraine lakes (Fig.
Diagrams to illustrate the characteristics of morainal lakes, and a sample map of such lakes from the glaciated region of North America.
With the aid of the excellent topographic maps which are now supplied by a generous government at a merely nominal price, such bits of recent history may be read at many places within the glaciated region.
Some Characteristics of the Glacial Period in Non-glaciated Regions, Bull.
Tabulated comparison of the glaciated and nonglaciated regions.
Contrasts between theGlaciated and the Driftless Portions of Wisconsin, Bull.
To the left are seen the great morainic accumulations at the border of the glaciated area on Long Island (298).
It follows an open granite ridge revealing the wonderfully glaciated canyon below and ~Clouds Rest~ opposite.
In tracing the following few miles up ~Yosemite Creek~ we often cross pavements of glaciated granite where will be found some magnificent specimens of mountain juniper.
Tenaya Canyon, a great glaciated gorge countersunk thousands of feet into the granite, is practically impassable.
Following for one mile along the glaciated granite slope, the trail parallels the river, which here descends in a series of rapids, cascades and low falls.
After following up Long Meadow, the trail rounds the eastern base of Columbia Finger, passing over glaciated granite and thru stunted forests.
Strawberry Lake, the glaciated valley of Strawberry Creek, and cirque walls formed by the Strawberry volcanic plug.
The precipitous cliffs and rounded valley bottom above Strawberry Lake are characteristic of glaciated mountains (Fig.
The effectiveness of ice scour can be seen by comparing glaciated Strawberry Creek above Strawberry Lake (as shown in figure 15 on page 22) with unglaciated Picture Gorge or with Canyon Creek just above Canyon City.
In the cracks and crevices of the glaciated rock-slope from which this mass had slid, there were broken, half-decayed roots and numerous marks which showed where other roots had held.
Most of them live in almost inaccessible spots, beneath the snow covered, glaciated ridges, and beside fierce flowing torrents, where on occasions they have converted their homes into almost impregnable fortresses.
The above list will hopefully give you a few useful examples demonstrating the appropriate usage of "glaciated" in a variety of sentences. We hope that you will now be able to make sentences using this word.
