Defn: A form of impulse turbine or water wheel, consisting of a row of double cup-shaped buckets arranged round the rim of a wheel and actuated by one or more jets of water playing into the cups at high velocity.
Steam Turbine) The case inclosing a turbine wheel; the body of stationary blades or nozzles.
A Model Steam-Turbine Boat A piece of thin board, or shingle, is cut to the shape of a boat and two standards are fastened to it.
Homemade Steam-Turbine Engine Select a tomato can, or any can in which vegetables or fruit is sold, and carefully unsolder the small cap on the end when removing the contents.
The hole made in the can should be pointed to one side of the turbine shaft so that the escaping steam will strike one side of the paddles on the turbine.
Illustration: Model Turbine Boat Using a Baking-Powder Can for a Boiler with Candles as Fuel] The turbine is constructed on an axle made of a hatpin which runs through the top of the standards for bearings.
While most engineers still regarded the steam turbine as a task of the future, it had become a present-day problem that attracted the attention of the entire world of technics by its success.
The turbine has especially proved its superiority over the piston in navigation.
Simplicity, safety, good self-regulation, and absence of shaking make the steam-turbine the ideal power for the creation of electric energy on board.
But by then the turbine was screaming an alarm to the whole base and they were cutting white water through the buoy-marked gap in the harbor net.
An inch at a time, they were dragging a skid loaded with one huge turbine gear whose tiny herringbone teeth caught the afternoon sun.
At nightfall there was the close, triumphant roar of a big reaction turbine and a light stabbed through the fog, flooding the boat with blue-white radiance.
There were dynamos to make light, motors to run the pumps, and a great storage battery, so that in case of a breakdown to the turbine engine the craft could be run entirely by electricity for a time.
The steam filled the turbine with a hiss and throb.
Turbine Water Wheel, which is constructed to prevent back pressure by the water against the casing as it escapes from the buckets.
Dey ain't been no turbinetook from nowhar whilst we was heah, neither.
A water turbine drives two pairs of such machines through an insulating coupling, and the sub-base of each pair of machines is separately insulated from earth, the foundation being also of special insulating materials.
Froude's turbine to obtain the highly resisting spiral vortices, and arranging passages in the casing for the entry of water at the hub of the wheel and its exit at the circumference.
And step by step with these developments will come a very considerable acceleration of the ferry traffic of the narrow seas through such improvements as the introduction of turbine engines.
Acetylene and electric headlights are extensively used in recent years, the latter supplied by a small steam-turbine and dynamo combination.
The principle of internal combustion, as used in gas and oil engines, has also been applied to the turbine with marked success, and has done much to solve the all-important problem of efficiency.
In another kind the blades of the turbine are something like the pockets on a water-wheel, and the steam shoves the wheel round by its great velocity.
Turbine engines have also been applied in various other ways, e.
One kind of steam turbine is really worked on the same principle as a windmill, only steam is used instead of the wind.
Turbine engines are now fitted to vessels of large dimensions, up to ocean liners and battleships, with extremely satisfactory results.
One of the greatest names connected with the steam turbine is that of Charles Algernon Parsons of England.
In 1884 this great inventor patented a steam-turbine which proved to be a commercial success and since that date the steam-turbine has been constantly growing in favor.
It combines some of the most recondite principles in mechanical philosophy, but may be roughly described as a turbine with its segmental divisions so constructed that, when set rotating, the water inclosed is urged into a state of resistance.
A powerful turbine howled as a car pulled away from the curb, perhaps a hundred yards up the way.
The advantage of a turbine engine is its simplicity--few working parts and a saving in weight and space; its disadvantage is that a separate turbine has to be employed to obtain sternway.
De Laval turbine of considerable power weighing almost next to nothing,[21] the real trouble, in fact the only one, being the steam generator.
When experimenting with an engine of the turbine type we must use a propeller of small diameter and pitch, owing to the very high velocity at which such engines run.
But in 1908 two more turbine ships, the Lusitania and Mauretania began making regular transatlantic voyages, and quickly distanced all competitors.
And the turbine boat proved herself the better of the two by developing more than a knot greater speed per hour.
Turbine engines take the place of the usual reciprocating type, acting on four propellers for going ahead, and two separate propellers for going astern.
They believed that the turbine at the stern of the little ship held that portion of the craft in a rigid plane, while the anterior portion of the ship, caught in the trough of a wave, broke away.
Some critics contend that the loss of the boat was due to the gyroscopic action of its turbine engines.
Stevens also invented what he called a "rotary engine" which was really an engine constructed on the same principle as the modern turbine engine.
The question must find practical solution at the hands of the naval architects of the immediate future, as turbine engines are now in use in several of the largest steamships afloat, and others are being installed in craft of all descriptions.
Two reciprocating engines drive the two outer of the three screws, and the exhaust from these engines is utilized in a low-pressure turbine engine, driving the center propeller.
But meanwhile the turbine engine was being perfected in England, the land of its invention, and presently turbine "greyhounds" began crossing the ocean and menacing the records held by the boats equipped with the older type of engine.
The device employed consists of a fly-wheel one meter in diameter, weighing just over eleven hundred pounds and operated by a turbine mechanism capable of giving it a maximum velocity of sixteen hundred revolutions per minute.
Because of the small number of coils in a turbine alternator as compared with a slow speed machine of the same kva.
Stationary armature of Westinghouse turbine alternator with part of the winding in place.
I was going to work on my turbine specification, but I've left it in a drawer at the shop.
In 1705 Branca, an Italian, invented a steam turbine in which a jet of steam was forced through a nozzle and impinged on the vanes of a paddle-wheel, the impact of the steam causing it to revolve.
In a little over thirty years the steam turbine reached a degree of perfection and economy not attained in the two hundred odd years of development of the reciprocating engine and it is now used for driving the largest steamships.
The steam turbine dates back to the time of Hero, that is 120 years B.
Hence this kind of a turbineis called an impact turbine.
The first steam turbine to be built and operated as a competitor of the reciprocating engine was made by De Laval in 1883.
It was a reactionturbine and it revolved at a tremendously high speed.
A turbine wheel turned by steam forced from it against the air.
Parsons of England brought out in 1884 the first multiple expansion turbine which combined the reaction and the impulse types.
A turbine wheel turned by steam forced against its blades.
The first vessel fitted with steam turbine machinery was the Turbinia.
The application of the compound steam turbine to the propulsion of vessels is a subject of considerable general interest, in view of the possible and probable general adoption of this class of engine in fast vessels.
The first vessels of larger size than the Turbinia to be fitted with steam turbine machinery are the torpedo-boat destroyer Viper for the British Government, and a similar vessel for Messrs.
In the case of an Atlantic liner or a cruiser of large size, turbine engines would appear to present some considerable advantages.
In recent times several attempts had been made to apply steam turbine wheels of the Hero and Bianca types to the driving of circular saws and fans.
The form of the turbine was that of a rotating drum, with outwardly projecting rings of blades which nearly touched the containing cylindrical case, and on the case inwardly projecting rings of guide blades which nearly touched the drum.
In condensing turbine engines of the larger size an expansion ratio in the turbines of one hundredfold and upward is attained before the steam passes to the exhaust pipe and condenser.
One of theTurbine Wheels at Spier Falls on the Hudson River.
In a pressure turbine the guides and wheel must be completely filled with water, as must also the draught tube, for efficient operation.
Each turbine wheel usually drives a pair of dynamos, but one or any number of dynamos might be driven by a single wheel.
At this point a masonry dam and brick power-house were built, and horizontal turbine wheels were installed, direct-connected to electric generators of 1,500 kilowatts total capacity.
By the general use of draught tubes withturbine wheels the floors of stations are often kept twenty feet or more above the tail-water level.
Another plan by which moderate dynamo speeds are obtained with water-wheels under rather high heads mounts a dynamo at each end of the shaft of a large turbine or pair of turbines.
In this power-house were installed electric generators of 800 kilowatts total capacity, direct-connected to horizontal turbine wheels.
Between the high and low canal, and between the low canal and the river twenty-three turbine wheels or pairs of wheels have been connected, and these wheels have a combined rating of 9,500 horse-power.
Water supplied to horizontal turbine wheels under moderate heads usually enters the station by penstocks on one side and leaves it by the tail-race on the other, but this is not true in every case.
At the Oregon City plant the head of water is only 40 feet, and yet a single 42-inch turbine was mounted on the vertical shaft that drives each generator.
This velocity of water and therefore the peripheral speed of pressure turbine wheels varies with the square root of the head of water.
If draught tubes are much more than twenty-five feet long, it is hard to keep a solid column of water from turbine to tail-water in each, and if this is not done a part of the head of water becomes ineffective.
For horizontal, direct-connected turbine wheels and generators the nearly uniform practice is to locate the generators in a single row from one end of a station to the other, and this brings the turbines into a parallel row.
If a turbine wheel, give height of head, which way wheel runs, and location of mill-house.
