At its upper end, underneath its pharyngeal opening, the larynx is formed--the organ of voice and speech.
In all the other animals the central nervous system has been developed in a totally different way from the upper pharyngeal ganglion; in the Articulates, especially, a pharyngeal ring, with ventral marrow, has been added.
The Molluscs also have a pharyngeal ring, but it is not found in the Vertebrates.
Probably this upper pharyngeal ganglion of the lower worms is the structure from which the complex central marrow of the higher animals has been evolved.
This is the "upper pharyngeal ganglion," or acroganglion, situated above the gullet (Figure 2.
A division of fishes in which the lower pharyngealbones are united.
More conclusive data are required to detect a positive correlation between small lung capacity, pharyngeal respiration, and degree of restriction to an aquatic habitat.
Softshells have pharyngeal respiration and probably are incapacitated by rotenone.
In the case of superficial infection of the nasal and pharyngeal mucous membranes with diverse etiology, less can be expected, and practical results indicate that this skepticism based on theoretical considerations is well founded.
I think therefore that we may assume that these yield back a very fluid secretion, which is regurgitated, as before suggested, into the pharyngeal pouch, to be withdrawn as required.
The water regurgitated is, however, by means of the elevation of the soft palate, forced into the pharyngeal pouch.
Pharyngeal tooth replacement in Semotilus atromaculatus and Clinostomus elongatus, two species of cyprinid fishes.
The pharyngeal arches are much smaller in Campostoma than in Semotilus.
The pharyngeal arches of the hybrids are peculiarly deformed.
This hybrid is intermediate between the two species in number of scales and pharyngeal teeth, and has a composite of the pigmentation found in the parental fishes (Table 2).
In the Belonidæ the third upperpharyngeal is small, with few teeth, and the maxillary is firmly soldered to the premaxillary.
The common names (Spanish, roncar, to grunt or snore) refer to the noise made either with their large pharyngeal teeth or with the complex air-bladder.
An offshoot of the Percomorphi is the group of Labyrinthici, composed of perch-like fishes which have a very peculiar structure to the pharyngeal bones and respiratory apparatus.
The small family of Odacidæ differs from the Labridæ in having in each jaw a sharp cutting edge without distinct teeth anteriorly, the pharyngeal teeth being pavement-like.
The scales are small, the pharyngeal teeth few, and the air-bladder, as in most small catfishes, enclosed in a capsule.
The third upper pharyngealis much enlarged and there are no zygapophyses to the vertebræ.
The question at issue is: did the pharyngeal arches and clefts of mammalian embryos ever discharge a branchial function in an adult ancestor of the mammalia?
The pharyngeal cleft is very distinct and extends beyond center of body.
This tube is continued into a deeper pharyngeal apparatus of unknown function.
Wall,[648] in which he points out the very close similarity between the symptoms produced and those of glosso-pharyngeal paralysis.
Deglutition is often painful, and is accompanied by a sort of spasmodic constriction of the pharyngeal muscles.
The difficulty in swallowing does not seem to be entirely dependent on the dry state of the throat, but is also due to a spasmodic contraction of the pharyngeal muscles.
It also occurs in the blood of Planorbis corneus and in the pharyngeal muscles of other mollusca.
In vertebrates the latter is generally accompanied by haemoglobin, but in invertebrates--with the exception of the pharyngeal muscles of the mollusca--it occurs alone.
The pericardial area is early differentiated from the rest of the coelom and at first lies in front of the neural and bucco-pharyngeal area; here the mesoderm stretches right across the mid-line, which it does not in front and behind.
The lungs, } which open by means of the trachea and the laryngeal aperture into the pharyngeal cavum.
With the development of the heart the primitive foregut becomes divided into pharynx and post-pharyngeal segment (oesophagus and stomach).
Further, this central chamber, with its horns, is not a closed chamber, but is in communication with thepharyngeal or respiratory chamber by three ways.
Ammocoetes longitudinally along the mid-dorsal line, so as to open out the pharyngeal chamber and expose the whole internal surface.
This solid rod blocks the opening of the respiratory chamber into the mid-gut, so that during this period of the transformation no food can pass out of the pharyngeal chamber.
Further, too, the ciliated pharyngeal bands described by Schneider are amply sufficient to move this mixed mass along in the way required by Dohrn.
This history is especially instructive in showing how the pharyngeal region is formed by the growing round of the lateral mesoblast, i.
The pharyngeal region, immediately after it has become established, gives rise to a series of paired pouches.
The former gives rise to the pharyngeal region, the oesophagus, the stomach, and the duodenum.
By means of the ninth, called the glosso-pharyngeal the tongue is brought into association with the fauces, oesophagus, and larynx.
It is broad and expanded at its pharyngeal extremity, and narrow and compressed at the tympanum.
The origin of the glosso-pharyngeal nerve, that passes to the tongue and pharynx.
Certain arrangements of the pharyngeal wall of Ammocoetes show a remarkable resemblance to what is found in Amphioxus.
In the fishes of this order the superior pharyngeal bones are divided into numerous and irregular little leaflets, which intersect the cellules situated under the operculum, which again serve to retain a certain quantity of water.
When the posterior palatine fold is put upon the stretch, additional pain is referred to the ear, for this fold encloses the staphylo-salpingeus muscle, which runs from the palate to the pharyngeal orifice of the Eustachian tube.
It may discharge into the epiglotto-pharyngeal fold, and thence reach and distend the epiglottis.
By keeping to the side and reaching the oesophagus by way of the laryngo-pharyngeal sinus the risk of entering the larynx may be avoided.
The pain often extends from the root of the tongue along the glosso-pharyngeal folds into the pharynx, and thence by way of the Eustachian tubes into the ears, the folds just named being very much upon the stretch.
In these cases the disease was not confined to the tonsils, but implicated the calciform papillae of the tongue also, and one of Bayer's cases some pharyngeal follicles in addition.
Diffuse inflammation of the retro-pharyngeal connective tissue or of the connective tissue of the neck may constitute an unpleasant complication of the disease.
In pharyngeal sore throat, whether catarrhal or phlegmonous, depending on rheumatic or gouty diathesis, salicylic acid or the salicylates will prove useful, either alone or in conjunction with other measures.
When the pharynx and posterior surface of the palate are both ulcerated, cicatricial adhesions are sometimes inevitable, and thus serious stricture of the suprapalatine pharyngeal canal may ensue.
Erysipelatous pharyngitis is of grave prognosis when the result of extension of the disease from the face, but recovery is frequent when the pharyngeal disease is primary.
The ninth pair, called the glosso-pharyngeal, are mixed nerves, supplying motor filaments to the pharyngeal muscles and filaments of the special sense of taste to the back portion of the tongue.
The first gill-slit, or, as Rathke here prefers to call it, pharyngeal slit, closes completely in snakes and in Urodeles.
Thus the branchial and pharyngeal arches are accounted part of the splanchnoskeleton, as belonging to the same category as the heart bone of some ruminants, and the ossicles of the stomach in the lobster (p.
The enamel of the pharyngeal teeth of the Salmon and many other Teleosteans is hypoblastic in origin.
In some forms parts of the last pair of branchial arches are broadened out and form the pharyngeal bones which bear teeth.
The enamel of the pharyngeal teeth of some Teleosteans is hypoblastic in origin.
The fifth arch consists only of the cerato-branchial, a wide structure covered with teeth and generally called the =inferior pharyngeal bone=.
These are small, pointed, calcified structures arranged in large groups on the premaxillae, mandible, vomer, and superior and inferior pharyngeal bones.
The epiblast of the stomodaeum, in which the other teeth are developed, passes into the hypoblast of the mesenteron in which thesepharyngeal teeth are formed.
Diphtheritic conjunctivitis occurs either primarily or as a complication of pharyngeal or nasal diphtheria.
The description of the pharyngeal and laryngeal manifestations furnished by the former, however, can leave no doubt in our minds that he knew diphtheria and recognized it.
Louis referred a number of cases of croup in adults to pharyngeal diphtheria as their source.
He advises astringent applications (Monsell's solution 1 to 4 of glycerine) to the pharyngeal mucous membrane.
In pharyngeal and nasal diphtheria the narrow orifice of the Eustachian tube is easily obstructed by either catarrhal swelling or diphtheritic deposit.
This induration and a chronic pharyngeal and nasal catarrh are very serious matters in many instances.
In cases of extensive pharyngeal and laryngeal diphtheria the upper part of the oesophagus is often covered to a distance of half an inch or an inch with membrane, the lower part of which is thinning out into a mere film.
When it is perceptible, however, it is usually found on the visible pharyngeal and respiratory mucous membranes.
Such occurrences may be considered as possible or incipient cases ofpharyngeal diphtheria.
The above list will hopefully give you a few useful examples demonstrating the appropriate usage of "pharyngeal" in a variety of sentences. We hope that you will now be able to make sentences using this word.
