This gives rise to a bizarre radiographic picture which may be difficult to interpret--the opaque strip or streamer being almost unrecognizable as periosteum (Fig.
To a varying extent fibrin covers the end of the fractured bone; the angles adjacent to the periosteum contain blood which becomes organized into dense connective tissue, thus serving as a splint for the fractured parts.
Hemorrhages were found beneath the periosteum in the region of the lower incisor teeth and the acetabulum and ribs.
In most reports this lesion is described as if it resulted from a hemorrhage burrowing its way beneath the periosteum and raising it from the subjacent bone.
More often theperiosteum undergoes calcification or ossification, especially near the site of the separation of the epiphysis.
In point of fact, such an event is impossible, as will be fully realized when one experiences the great difficulty in separating periosteumfrom normal bone.
The scorbutic process involves the periosteum so that it is no longer normal but becomes insecurely attached to the shaft of the bone, and is readily stripped off by hemorrhage.
Subperiosteal hemorrhage surrounding lower part of shaft of femur, with calcification of periosteumand of clot.
Scurvy involves a periosteum which is not normal; it is insecurely attached to the shaft of the bone, so that it is readily stripped off by hemorrhage.
The inner surface of the periosteum is frequently lined with newly-formed bone and with a more or less dense deposition of lime salts, which becomes heavier in the course of the healing process, and is readily observed in radiographs.
The periosteum rarely becomes separated at the line of junction of the epiphysis and diaphysis.
The underlying blood coagulates rapidly, and the periosteum begins to calcify within a few weeks, as shown by the X-ray.
It is marked by an accumulation beneath the periosteum and next the bone.
Not uncommon in India, with the feathers curling backwards, and with the primary feathers of the wing and tail imperfect; periosteum of bones black.
The periosteum is more easily detached, is thicker than normal, and is actively engaged in forming bone.
When hyperostosis and sclerosis of the bone is attended with severe pain which does not yield to blistering, the periosteum may be incised and the sclerosed bone perforated with a drill or trephine.
Syphilitic osteo-arthritis results from a gumma in the periosteum or marrow of one of the adjacent bones.
We believe also that the retention of the periosteum on the graft is not essential, but, by favouring the establishment of vascular connections, it contributes to the survival of the graft and the success of the transplantation.
It is exposed by a suitable incision; the periosteum is reflected and the bone is opened up by a trephine or chisel, and the presence of an abscess may be at once indicated by the escape of pus.
In cases of thickening of the bone with persistent and severe pain, if relief is not afforded by the repeated application of blisters, the thickened periosteum should be incised, and the bone opened up with the chisel or trephine.
The periosteum is abnormally thick and vascular, the superficial layers of the bone become injected and porous, and the bones, as a whole, are thickened.
In cases which are left to nature, and in which necrosis of bone has occurred, those portions of the periosteum and marrow which have retained their vitality resume their osteogenetic functions, often to an exaggerated degree.
The extent of spread in the medullary canal and beneath the periosteum is in close correspondence.
These cavities are lined with a very tough fibrous membrane, termed the dura mater, which serves as the periosteum of the bones which enter into the formation of these parts.
In some cases, and particularly in those in which the periosteumof the neck and the retinacular ligaments remain intact, the shortening does not become apparent till a few days after the accident.
Carcinoma and sarcoma sometimes grow from the muco-periosteum in the region of the ethmoid.
The disease begins in the deeper layer of the periosteum on the anterior aspect of the vertebræ, and extends along the surface of the bones, causing widespread superficial caries.
Sub-periosteal fractures are those in which, although the bone is completely broken across, the periosteum remains intact.
When compound, there may be bleeding from the pharynx or nose from tearing of the periosteum and mucous membrane related to the basi-sphenoid and ethmoid respectively.
If the periosteum and the retinacular ligaments remain intact, displacement is prevented and union favoured.
Fibroma originating in the ligamentum nuchæ, or the periosteum of the vertebral processes, is of slow growth, but it may attain considerable size, and on account of its deep attachments the operation for its removal may be difficult.
The incision, which must be free, is preferably placed in the line of the lateral intermuscular septum; the periosteum is interfered with as little as possible.
These are common in children, and as the thick periosteum prevents displacement, the existence of a fracture may be overlooked, even in such a large bone as the femur.
Osseous union is the exception in intra-capsular fracture, especially when the periosteum and the retinacular ligaments have been completely torn, but in sub-periosteal and in impacted fractures it sometimes occurs.
Reduction is often difficult on account of the periosteum and other soft tissues getting between the fragments, and on account of the small size of the upper fragment.
The periosteum is usually torn and stripped from the palmar aspect of the fragments, while it remains intact on the dorsum.
Tenderness of the periosteum of the long bones and a peculiar roughness of their surfaces often exist also.
The intense pain resulting from inflammation of the fascia or of the periosteum is thus explained, while an inflammation of the loose connective tissue may be diffused over a wide area with little or no pain.
He regards the latter as proceeding from the fragments of periosteum introduced into the jugular vein, and his results thus widely differ from those of Cohnheim.
The following have been observed: thickening or infiltration of the periosteum, which may be found to separate readily from the bone after the death of the patient, or there may be pus found between the periosteum and the bone.
The periosteum becomes inflamed; a widespread suppurative periostitis is the result; necrosis of the bone from insufficient nutrition follows, while mechanical pressure on the pus aids in its absorption.
The periosteum of the neighboring bones, and even the bones themselves, may become involved, and sometimes the cranial bones are partially destroyed, and there is an extension of the inflammation to the brain or its membranes.
An instrument for scraping the periosteum from bones; a raspatory.
The periosteum which covers the cranium externally; the region around the cranium.
A kind of whitlow; a painful imflammation of the periosteum of a finger, usually of the last joint.
In this form of periostitis the periosteum should be freely incised, followed either by continuous irrigation or frequent injection of the wound with antiseptic solutions.
It may also occur in the course of an infectious disease, when small abscesses are formed under the periosteum (subperiosteal abscess).
This form of the disease consists in the thickening of the outer layer of the periosteumfrom the inflammation reaching it from neighboring structures.
The periosteumis well supplied with sensitive nerve endings and when inflamed is very sensitive to pressure and may cause lameness.
Both ribs were denuded of their periosteum immediately around the opening, and the serous membrane had a shreddy, ragged aspect.
Formation of matter upon the bone is occasionally the cause of necrosis, the periosteum being destroyed or separated from its connections by the pressure or insinuation of the pus.
The investing periosteum is much thickened, and its bloodvessels are enlarged.
The deposit of new matter under the periosteum and into the medullary canal is here well exhibited.
In experiments on animals, the disturbance and injury of the medullary membrane is followed by internal necrosis, thickening of the outer living shell, and effusion betwixt the periosteum and bone.
Defn: The periosteumwhich covers the cranium externally; the region around the cranium.
Defn: A kind of whitlow; a painful imflammation of the periosteum of a finger, usually of the last joint.
Defn: An instrument for scraping theperiosteum from bones; a raspatory.
Plates of the outer and inner tables still remained connected by their periosteum to the deep aspects of the iliacus and gluteus medius muscles.
Lameness, inflammation of the periosteum and bony enlargement may result from "speedy cutting.
The new tissue or bone callus is formed by the bone-forming cells in the deeper layer of the periosteum and bone-marrow.
The treatment for injuries to the periosteum is the same as that recommended for splints.
Inflammation of the alveolar periosteum is a common dental disease in domestic animals.
This disease is thus resembled by the process of toothing in young children; where an extraneous body lodged beneath the periosteum induces pain and fever, and sometimes delirium, and requires to be set at liberty, by the lancet.
Lance the gum of the expected teeth quite through the periosteum longitudinally.
The existence of the periosteum and of the spinal marrow is the most persistent proof of a recent state; but these alone with the soft parts are usually destroyed in two or three years.
Ollier[896] inserted a piece of periosteum from the bone of a young dog under the skin of a rabbit, and true bone was developed.
The author has now, in a large number of cases of Syme's amputation for disease, found advantage in leaving the periosteum in the heel flap, i.
The short flap is made by a transverse incision through all the structures down to the bones, care being taken to separate the parts upwards close to the periosteum and membrane.
Even the periosteum may require to be scraped off, and the optic nerve divided as far back as possible.
In performing the retraction the assistant should be cautioned not to overdo it, lest he strip the periosteum from the bone higher than is necessary.
With this the whole mucous membrane and as much of the periosteum as possible should be completely raised from the bone, attachments for nourishment of the flap being left in front and behind where the vessels enter.
Even when nothing but periosteum is left, the new bone becomes strong and of full size.
Attempts may occasionally be made in such an operation to save a portion of periosteum in attachment to the soft parts, but success or failure in this seems to have very little effect on the future result.
In dissecting the long flap from below upwards, the tissues of which it is composed must be separated close to the periosteum and interosseous membrane.
In an individual man or mammal, if the periosteum of a bone is destroyed or removed the bone dies, and is then either absorbed, or separated from the living bone adjoining, by absorption of the connecting part.
The bone also begins to die when the skin and periosteum is stripped off, and the hormone from this also ceases to be produced.
Poncet hastened a cure in a case of necrosis with partial destruction of the periosteum by inserting grafts taken from the bones of a dead infant and from a kid.
Where the periosteum had sloughed the bone was granulating, and at the time of the report skin-grafting was shortly to be tried.
The periosteum is carefully peeled off the nasal process of the superior maxilla, and turned down from the inner third of the supra-orbital arch, exposing a triangular area of bone.
The gland is first separated from the periosteum of the depression in the bone in which it lies, and is drawn forward and carefully dissected out from the lid.
The flaps are brought together, and care is taken that the reflected periosteum is pulled back with them.
The wound in the periosteum of the outer wall of the orbit is closed with a catgut suture, the bone, together with the soft parts, replaced in position and the skin wound closed by sutures.
Some surgeons remove the periosteum of the lachrymal bone as well as the sac, which is unnecessary.
It is carried down to the bone, so that the muco-periosteum can quickly be separated upwards, exposing the canine fossa.
The periosteum is separated from the inner surface of the outer wall of the orbit by means of a periosteum detacher and divided horizontally, the finger is inserted, and the orbit explored.
The periosteum incisions are now carefully planned.
The apex of the cone formed by the periosteum is divided, as far back as possible, with curved scissors, and the whole orbital contents are removed.
The periosteum can now be reflected from the front of the sinus, and pushed upwards with the skin on to the forehead.
Spencer[54] separates the soft palate from its adhesion to the posterior pharyngeal wall, draws it forwards, and fixes it by two silk sutures to the muco-periosteum of the hard palate.
The root is held in its socket by a dense fibrous membrane which surrounds the cement as the periosteum does bone.
If a portion of the periosteum be detached by injury or disease, there is risk that a layer of the subjacent bone will lose its vitality and be cast off.
The periosteum is richly supplied with blood-vessels, and plays a chief part in the growth, formation, and repair of bone.
Some years ago a famous surgeon in New York removed the whole lower jawbone from a young woman, leaving the periosteum and even retaining in position the teeth by a special apparatus.
The periosteum of bone and the fibrous fasciae in the neighborhood of the painful points of neuralgic nerves not unfrequently take on a condition of subacute inflammation, with marked thickening and tenderness on pressure.
In like manner the inflammatory changes keep spreading until we have the periosteum next the ends of the bones affected.
As we know, the periosteum consists of two layers, an outer fibrous and an inner yellow elastic, and is extremely vascular.
In these instances the pus shows a marked tendency to spread, strips the periosteum from the bone, perforates the outer layer of the membrane, and finally infiltrates the surrounding tissues.
It signifies, of course, that the periosteum and the bone have become invaded by the inflammatory process.
The periosteum and the bone are so intimately connected that it is difficult to conceive of disease of the one failing to communicate itself in some degree to the other.
Necrosis and sloughing of the periosteum itself may also happen, but as the extreme vascularity of the membrane is a fairly strong safeguard against that it is of only rare occurrence.
This condition may be due to the pressure of tumours, may occur as the result of injury when a piece of bone is stripped of periosteum, or may be the result of an inflammation occurring in the periosteum elsewhere.
In the periosteum we may take it roughly that inflammation runs a course similar to that occurring in soft tissues elsewhere.
In such cases it would appear that it is loss of a portion of periosteum that is the starting-point.
He discovered the little blood vessels that enter bones, the nutrient arteries, but still more definitely described the nutrition of bones through the periosteum and its rich blood supply.
Fallopius declared for the preservation of the periosteum of the bone just as far as was possible whenever there was bone disease or injury.
The periosteum is more resisting and tougher during the early years of life than later on.
After a time, however, the reactive periosteum shell usually becomes perforated at one or more points, and then the medullary tumor extends to the adjacent tissues.
They arise generally from the periosteum and are most common about the face, and are rarely seen in the long bones.
Osseous tumors may arise from the periosteum or from the marrow.
In some cases, both in the congenital and acquired forms, there may be marked proliferation of the endosteum of the bone, with or without thickening of the periosteum, although thickening of the periosteum usually is present.
Rigg's disease; suppurative inflammation of the periosteum lining the teeth in their sockets.
Such an abscess may strip theperiosteum from the bone over very extensive areas.
They also appear to be formed in the lower layers of the periosteum and lead to circumscribed nodular thickenings on the surface of the bone.
Chronic periostitis is not really a disease itself, but a manifestation of the reaction of the periosteum to some irritant.
Osteomata may be surrounded by a layer of fibrous periosteum or, in certain cases, beneath the periosteum appears a layer of cartilage producing the so-called exostosis cartilaginea.
If the bone is not affected, or the periosteum laid bare, the balsam or thin liniment may be omitted.
We ought always to cut to the quick; and if the bone be affected, the periosteum must be cut through, and the bone laid bare.
The above list will hopefully give you a few useful examples demonstrating the appropriate usage of "periosteum" in a variety of sentences. We hope that you will now be able to make sentences using this word.
