Similarly, Mr. Bradley would be quite justified in speaking of Two Terms and a Copula as a superstition, if it were meant that these analytic elements are present to the mind of an ordinary speaker.
Seeing that the Copula in S is P or S is in P does not express time, but only a certain relation between S and P, the question arises Where are we to put time in the analytic formula?
It was to facilitate the answer that he analysed propositions into Subject and Predicate, and viewed the Predicate as a reference to a class: in other words, analysed the Predicate further into a Copula and a Class Term.
Here the relations are of the same kind but of different logical quality, and (as in the syllogism) a negative copula in the premises leads to a negative conclusion.
The recognition of Conversion, in fact, requires us to admit that, formally, in a logical proposition, the term preceding the copula is subject and the one following is predicate.
Accordingly the significance of the copula is that the predicate is to be thought in the subject, nothing more.
Like the combining power of Life, the copula here resists for awhile the attempts to dissolve it, and then yields, to reappear in new phenomena.
Side-note: Misconception of the function of the copulain predication.
We may conceive it as one of the many errors arising from a misconception of the purpose and function of the copula in predication.
The opinion of Antisthenes depends upon two assumptions--That each separate word, whether used as subject or as predicate, denotes a Something separate and existent by itself: That the copula implies identity.
In the first the proposition is identical and the verb est serves only as copula: in the second, the verb est is not merely a copula but implies Ens as a predicate, and affirms existence.
Then again, he not only has no word to designate the predicate, but he does not even seem to conceive the predicate as distinct and separable: it stands along with the copula embodied in the verb.
Antisthenes probably considered that the copula implied identity between the predicate and the subject.
What looks at first, therefore, like a copula turns out to be merely an impersonal intransitive verb.
For such an unnecessary part of speech as a real copula does not exist in Japanese.
As a verb, it does duty as predicate and copula combined.
The Canonists attributed a truly immense importance to thecopula carnalis, as they technically termed it.
The motive for recurring to the earlier system is supplied by the imperious demand for a copula which had so much distressed Empedocles, Anaxagoras, and the Atomists.
For him, therefore, the difficulty of securing unity and co-operation in an effective copula is, if that be possible, further aggravated.
It is not necessary to reassert that the assumption of "individua," utterly alienated one from the other by a void, rendered the problem of the copula insoluble for the Atomists.
The law thus revealed is, therefore, not a matter of the predicate, but is the copula itself.
The contrivances are the representatives of the copula in practical affairs; in quasi-theoretical spheres they are the apparatus for experimentation.
The Pythagoreans, having by abstraction obtained a predicate, acknowledged the existence of the subject, but did not feel the need of a copula in the theoretical sphere, except as it concerned the inner relation of the predicate.
But the judgment of relation, employing the copula to refer a specified predicate to a specified object, is after all only for the sake of controlling some immediate judgment of constructive experience.
Where the logical copula is a mere sign of equation there can be neither induction nor deduction.
There are practically no Hebrew words beginning with the letter required as the initial in this section, except the copula "and.
Jehovah is substituted for Lord, and the copula "and" prefixed to b.
If the usual division of verses is retained, the same contrast is presented still more forcibly, and the copula may be rendered "Then.
Mill's doctrine of the ambiguity of the copula (Logic, Book I, chap.
Is' as the copula of a judgment implies the mental separation and recombination of two terms that only exist united in nature, and can, therefore, never have impressed the sense except as one thing.
The first division of propositions is into Affirmative and Negative, the copula in the latter being is not.
Is,’ as the copula of a judgment, implies the mental separation, and recombination of two terms that only exist united in nature, and can therefore never have impressed the sense except as one thing.
So that here again we meet with additional proof, were any required, of the folly of regarding the copula as an essential ingredient of a proposition.
It is apt to be supposed that the copula is something more than a mere sign of predication; that it also signifies existence.
Nay, even the substantive verb, which has been unwittingly confounded with the copula by some of my opponents, was also very late in making its appearance.
I may remark that it was Aristotle who first fell into the error of identifying the copula with the verb to be, by which it happens to be expressed in Greek.
The simultaneity of conception is what is expressed by the copula in logic, and by the various forms of sentences in language.
The Copula is not always directly expressed by the word is or is not, etc.
Avoiding this, we transfer the negative particle from the copula to the predicate so that the convertend becomes "I" which is converted by Simple Conversion.
The Copula is always some form of the verb to be, in the present tense indicative, in an affirmative Proposition; and the same with the negative particle affixed, in a negative Proposition.
The grammatical predicate is either a verb alone, or the copula sum [some part of the verb be] with a noun or adjective.
The manner of these affecting the copula is called the imperative mode.
A noun or pronoun used with the copula to form the predicate, must be in the nominative case.
To warrant us in putting together two words with a copula between them, it is really enough that the thing or things denoted by one of the names should be capable, without violation of usage, of being called by the other name also.
They can be no other than those signified by the two names, which being joined together by a copula constitute the Proposition.
The copula is the sign denoting that there is an affirmation or denial; and thereby enabling the hearer or reader to distinguish a proposition from any other kind of discourse.
When the word either is connected immediately with the copula of a proposition, it is, if not a true conjunction, at least a part of a conjunctional periphrasis.
The construction of a subject and copula preceded by the conjunction that, is the same in respect to the predicate by which they are followed as if the sentence were an isolated proposition.
Hence--The copula instead of determining[60] a case expresses a concord.
All words connected with a nominative case by the copula (i.
The meaning of the copula and the relation of thoughts to the objects of which they are the thoughts are as much involved as the nature of being.
The second opinion on impotence is that this condition is caused exclusively by those permanent disabilities which exist in the copula itself.
Artificial impregnation does not effect a copula which is by its nature proper to generation, but is an act contrary to nature, one from which generation does not follow in a natural manner, secundum communem speciem actus.
If the sexual act contains in itself all that is essential to generation, if the copula is de se apta ad generationem, prescinding from all antecedent and subsequent, temporary or permanent, obstructions to generation, there is no impotence.
The passive voice of a verb is expressed by a verb-phrase made by prefixing some form of the copula (is, was, etc.
Concessive clauses sometimes omit the copula and its subject.
A conditional clause sometimes omits the copulaand its subject.
Point out all the verbs (except the copula and auxiliaries) in Exercise 28, 1, and conjugate them in the present and the past tense.
Use the copula (§ 214) in twenty sentences, several of which shall illustrate its use in verb-phrases.
Clauses of time are sometimes shortened by the omission of the copula and its subject.
The predicate nominative is commonest after the copula is (in its various forms).
The result seems to be, that the grasping Copula constantly gets a "not" that had better have been merged in the Predicate, and that Propositions are differentiated which had better have been recognised as precisely similar.
The copula carnalis was made a legal ground for assuming the foregoing promise to wed.
Before the middle of the twelfth century the doctrine prevailed that the copula carnalis is the supreme legal moment in marriage.
