This fact makes it advisable to exclude from milk supplies intended for human use, all milk of animals that respond to the tuberculin test; or at least to treat it in a manner so as to render it safe.
In such dairies the tuberculin test is used at regular intervals, and the herd inspected frequently by competent veterinarians.
In a tuberculous animal, even in the very earliest phases of the disease, tuberculin causes a temporary fever that lasts for a few hours.
Indeed, tuberculin is the most valuable means of diagnosis that we possess (MacFadyen).
Injections of tuberculin have no troublesome effect on the quantity or quality of the milk of cows or on the progress of gestation.
Koch advocated injections of this tuberculin in cases of skin tubercle (lupus) and consumptive cases.
Tuberculin has, however, found a remarkable sphere of usefulness in causing reaction in animals suffering from tuberculosis.
The tuberculintest should be applied to all milch cows, and the infected ones isolated from the herd.
Those which appeared to be immune were kept in a thoroughly healthy, sanitary quarantine station for six months or a year, and again tested by tuberculin before being introduced into the cages.
The most practical method of disposing of dairy cows that react to the tuberculin test is to slaughter them.
The subcutaneous test consists in injecting a certain quantity of tuberculin beneath the skin, and keeping a record of the body temperature of the animal between the eighth and eighteenth hours following the injection.
In the intradermal test, a small quantity of a special tuberculin is injected into the deeper layer of the skin.
A source of infection is by unknowingly buying cows that have reacted to the tuberculin test.
Some of these products, such as tuberculin and malein, enable the owner to rid his herds of tubercular cows and glandered horses before these diseases have become far enough advanced to be recognized by the visible symptoms alone.
It is necessary to repeat the tuberculin test within six months, and later at twelve-months intervals, until none of the animals that remain in the herd react.
If there are several open cases of tuberculosis in a herd of cattle, the application of the tuberculin test, removal of the reacting animals and disinfection of the premises are not sufficient to eradicate the disease.
The indiscriminate use and sale of tuberculin are largely responsible for the large number of reacting animals that have been placed on the open market.
There are two methods of applying the tuberculin test.
If the hogs are fed milk in any form obtained from cows kept upon the same farm, the cows should be subjected to the tuberculin test, as by this means all tuberculous milk may be kept from the hogs.
If they run with the cattle of the farm a tuberculin test of all the cattle is none the less desirable.
Tuberculin Test And Physical Condition: No tuberculin test required, but cows must be healthy as disclosed by physical examination made annually.
Only such cows shall be admitted to the herd as have not reacted to a diagnostic injection of tuberculin and are in good physical condition.
All cows shall be tested with tuberculin and all reacting animals shall be excluded from the herd.
The cases of abortion following the tuberculin test have not been numerous, even when cows were tested within a few weeks of the normal time of calving.
The tuberculin does not contain the tubercle bacillus, and it is absolutely certain that it is impossible to produce a case of tuberculosis in an animal unless the tubercle bacilli are present.
Probably the most popular objection to tuberculin is that it is too searching, since it discovers cases in which the lesions are small and obscure.
The intradermic test is satisfactory also for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in swine and, when so used, the tuberculin is applied into the skin of the ear near its base.
Dissection gives the best explanation of this question, but a clinical observation, continued for years, of a herd tested with tuberculin can render very essential aid.
The observation of a clear reaction to tuberculin is unequivocal; the animal is tuberculous.
That the tuberculin test is a wonderfully accurate method of determining whether an animal is affected with tuberculosis.
In my first publication on tuberculin injection I reported two cases in which acute miliary tuberculosis was proved in two high-grade tuberculous cows several weeks after the tuberculin injection.
In addition, a satisfactory tuberculin must be used; also an accurate thermometer and a reliable syringe, in order that a sufficient dose oftuberculin may be given.
Law has clearly stated the question when he says-- Many stock owners still entertain an ignorant and unwarranted dread of the tuberculin test.
Those who have had most experience with tuberculin have failed to observe any injurious effects following its use upon healthy cattle.
In this test the tuberculin is injected between the layers of the skin, only a few drops being used, and it is usually applied in the region at the base of the tail, where the skin is soft and nearly hairless.
Simpler still is the tuberculin test of the eyes, with which experiments are now being made on a large scale in New York City, and which bids fair to become cheap enough to be generally used wherever physical examinations are made.
Brannan, president of Bellevue and Allied Hospitals, New York City, is to report on skin and eye tuberculin tests for children at the International Congress on Tuberculosis, mentioned later.
Koch's tuberculin treatment should certainly be given a trial.
Wright has devised a delicate method of examination of the blood (the calculation of the opsonic index) which tells when the tuberculin injections should be resorted to and when withheld (see BLOOD).
The cases of abortion following thetuberculin test have not been numerous, even when cows were tested within a very short time before the normal time of calving.
Many cattlemen have been prejudiced against the tuberculin test and have objected to it, due to inaccurate or greatly exaggerated statements as to the damage it caused to the cattle on which it was used.
By the use of tuberculin such animals as are affected with the disease may be detected and removed from the herd.
The tuberculin test is an accurate method of determining the presence of tuberculosis in an animal.
Those who have had most experience with tuberculin have consequently failed to observe any injurious effects following its injection into healthy cattle.
He had endured the white apron, and the spectacle of the tuberculin test (the latter because the law made him), but an expensive floor in the barn was too much.
I arrived at Bentford without any sentimental enthusiasms, my head being too full of rules for pruning and spraying, for cover crops, for tuberculin tests, for soil renewal.
Tuberculin skin reactions have now been made by the million and we know that a positive reaction means nothing but that, at some time, the patient has been infected with tuberculosis.
I have seen a similar absorption and general reaction in children after a skin test with tuberculin, when the tuberculin entered the blood through too deep a scratch.
The eosinophilia observed as the result of tuberculin injections, we include, in agreement with Zappert, in the group of post-febrile leucocytosis.
Thus in the leucocytosis of digestion, of intestinal diseases of children, we refer it to the excitation of the lymphatic apparatus of the intestine, in tuberculin lymphæmia we recognise mainly a reaction of the diseased lymph glands.
In quite isolated cases, an increase of the lymphocytes in the blood in consequence of the injection of tuberculin into tuberculous individuals has been seen.
The most marked changes in the blood occurred some three weeks after cessation of the tuberculin injections, of which eight altogether (from 5 mg.
He thought that the Old Tuberculin conferred only a toxic immunity, not bacterial.
Occurrence, then, of a subcutaneous tuberculin reaction does not indicate necessarily sanatorium or institutional treatment; neither does it absolutely indicate the necessity of tuberculin treatment.
Medicine dropper Koch's Old Tuberculin 1/2% and 1% dilution of Old Tuberculin in .
Baldwin, of Saranac Lake: "The tuberculin test is of very limited value in determining tuberculous disease; it is of extreme value in detecting tuberculous infection.
Negative cutaneous tuberculinreaction is one of the corroborative evidences of absence of tuberculosis, unless reaction is prevented by very advanced disease or tolerance to tuberculin established by tuberculin treatment.
The injection oftuberculin is followed in eight to twelve hours by a well-marked rise of temperature, if the animal be tuberculous.
Veterinary surgeons are practically agreed that tuberculin is a reliable and safe test for diagnosing the presence of tuberculosis in animals, but affords no index of the extent or degree of the disease.
Tuberculin has come into general use for the detection of tuberculosis in cattle, to "shut off the sources of the infection.
In the syphilitic lesion, skiagrams usually show a more abundant formation of new bone, but in many cases the doubt is only cleared up by observing the results of the tuberculin test or the effects of anti-syphilitic treatment.
The indolent enlargements are not always to be distinguished, however, from commencing tuberculous disease, except by the use of the tuberculin test, and by the fact that they usually disappear on removing the peripheral source of irritation.
For the use of tuberculin in diagnosis and for the vaccine treatment of tuberculosis the reader is referred to text-books on medicine.
Noguchi has made an emulsion of dead spirochætes which he calls luetin, and which gives a specific reaction resembling that of tuberculin in tuberculosis, a papule or a pustule forming at the site of the intra-dermal injection.
In a “Bulletin” issued by the Sweeny concern in 1912, a Pennsylvania physician was quoted as having treated three cases with Anti-Tuberculin Lymph Compound with resultant cures.
The tuberculin test, on which depends the determination of tuberculosis in cows, is so delicate that a very slight lesion is sufficient to cause a reaction.
The United States regulations allow such a carcass to be butchered and used for food after the cow has been condemned by the tuberculintest as a milk-producing animal.
A recent medical writer, defding the experiments, points out that the tuberculin test could not convey the infection.
Later it was found that if the diluted tuberculin was placed on the surface of the eye, there followed in tuberculous persons, a reddening or congestion of the eye, which might go on to the stage of mild conjunctivitis.
In January, 1909, one of the professors connected with the College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, published a "Report upon one thousand Tuberculin tests in young children.
In May, 1909, two Baltimore physicians reported their trials with two forms of the tuberculin tests, "the result of over a year of experience with patients coming to the Phipps Dispensary of the Johns Hopkins Hospital.
This is probably true; although the excuse of painlessness cannot be fairly put forward regarding the tuberculin experiments upon the eye.
Only by experiments upon human beings, it is said, could the value of either the tuberculin test or the Noguchi emulsion be definitely determined.
If a drop of the tuberculin, first in one eye and then in the other, produced no reaction, "we refrained from further instillations, fearing the possible intensity of a reaction consequent upon a second instillation of tuberculin into an eye.
It is at this stage that the tuberculin test comes to the aid of the stockman.
The larger cities have also recognized the impossibility of requiring the tuberculin test of all cattle furnishing milk.
The process of preparing tuberculin makes it absolutely free from danger, so far as liability of producing the disease, or in any way injuring the animal, is concerned.
Hence excess of enzyme is free in the blood and the injection of the tuberculin meets it there and a vigorous reaction results.
The practical facts in connection with the tuberculin test are also in harmony with the author's theory of anaphylaxis as above outlined.
In medical practice the reaction is used as a means of diagnosis in certain diseases, such as the tuberculin test in tuberculosis, the mallein test in glanders.
It is chiefly for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in cattle, however, that tuberculin is valuable.
Koch has shown that tuberculinis capable of affecting 60 trillion times its weight of the living human being.
By fractional precipitation it is possible to obtain from the crude tuberculin so prepared a product which is considered as pure tuberculin, and which possesses considerable activity.
Tuberculin is not toxic in the proper sense of the word.
Koch's therapeutic tuberculin is obtained by evaporating to one-tenth its volume a culture bouillon of Koch's tubercle bacilli prepared from a 4-per cent.
Tuberculin did, indeed, cure certain minor forms of tuberculous disease, such as the skin affection known as lupus, but it soon became evident that it was almost impotent in the treatment of pulmonary consumption.
The above list will hopefully give you a few useful examples demonstrating the appropriate usage of "tuberculin" in a variety of sentences. We hope that you will now be able to make sentences using this word.
