Any sac or saclike cavity; especially, one of the synovial sacs, or small spaces, often lined with synovial membrane, interposed between tendons and bony prominences.
The opposed surfaces are lined with synovial membrane,[11] the secretion from which oils the sheaths in which the tendons move.
A very delicate connective tissue, called the synovial membrane, lines the capsules of the joints, and covers the ligaments connected with them.
Little closed sacs, called synovial sacs or bursæ, similarly lined and containing fluid, are also found in special places between two surfaces where much motion is required.
The synovial membranes are almost identical in structure with serous membranes (page 176), but the secretion is thicker and more like the white of egg.
The principal structures which unite in the formation of a joint are: bone, cartilage, synovial membrane, and ligaments.
The synovialmembranes of joints, when affected, appear to run directly into suppuration, and will become distended with pus in a very short space of time.
In removing the anterior half of the cartilage it is highly important to remember the close contiguity to it of the synovial membrane of the pedal articulation.
Above, it is in connection with the synovial membrane of the pedal articulation and that of the metacarpo-phalangeal sheath.
The synovial membrane and the articular cartilages utterly destroyed, as we have described, cannot again be replaced.
An attack of acute arthritis may commence with the affection of the synovial membrane, and spread from that to the other structures.
A large one posteriorly running up behind the second phalanx to nearly adjoin the sesamoidean bursæ, and a small one, a prolongation of the synovial membrane between the antero-lateral and postero-lateral ligaments of the same side.
It is an important point to note that in cases of synovitis the fringes of the synovial membrane become swollen and blood-injected, forming noticeable red elevations at the margins of the cartilages.
These portions are continued by a common tendon which enters the carpal sheath with the tendon of the perforatus, and continues with it through the synovial sheath of the metacarpo-phalangeal region.
It is then that we have acute pain, and with it extreme lameness, for in this position it is more than likely that we have involved either the synovial membrane of the articulation or the tops of the sensitive laminæ.
From no surface in the body can absorption take place quicker than from the synovial membrane of a joint.
In such cases there is no doubt that the intense pain sometimes observed in these cases is due to pinching of these prolongations of the synovial membrane by the opposing bones of the joint.
This is a synovial sheath lining the deep face of the tendon, and reflected on to the navicular bone and the interosseous ligament of the pedal joint.
In this case the diseased structure has nothing between it and the articulation, the synovial membrane in one position actually lining its inner face.
In this case we have simply a pouring into the synovial capsule of serous fluid, and with it an increased quantity of synovia--this time with an absence of the usual inflammatory phenomena.
That the close attachment of the plantar aponeurosis to the navicular bursa, and the nearness of both to the pedal articulation, render penetration of a synovial sac or a joint cavity extremely likely.
On the inner aspect the ligaments are lined by a synovial membrane, so when the ligaments are stretched the synovialmembrane is necessarily damaged.
Bradypus and Ornithorhynchus, the knee is divided into three parts, two condylo-tibial and one trochleo-patellar, by synovial folds which in Man are represented by the ligamentum mucosum.
In one case it may be that the synovial membrane is so far destroyed by the tuberculous or septic invasion that its future usefulness is lost, and the joint ever afterwards creaks at its work and easily becomes tired and painful.
Where the cartilages, however, join the sternum, or where they join one another, diarthrodial joints with synovial cavities are established.
An accidental wound of a joint, as from the blade of a knife, or a spike, entering the knee is a very serious affair, because of the risk of septic germs entering the synovial cavity either at the time of the injury or later.
Lining the interior of the capsule, and all other parts of the joint cavity except where the articular cartilage is present, is the synovial membrane (fig.
The tendon of the biceps has evidently sunk through the capsule into the joint, and even when it is intra-capsular there is usually a double fold connecting its sheath of synovial membrane with that lining the capsule.
The synovial cavity of the knee runs up, deep to the extensor muscles of the thigh, for about two inches above the top of the patella, forming the bursa suprapatellaris.
In most joint-diseases the trouble starts either in the synovial lining or in the bone--rarely in the articular cartilage or ligaments.
The fluid may need to be drawn off by aspiration, and direct treatment of the diseased synovial membrane may be undertaken by injections of chloride of zinc or some other reagent.
As in the case of articular rheumatism, the tendons, ligaments, and synovial membranes may become involved.
Occasionally the ends of the bones, where they are covered by the synovial membrane of the joints, are dotted with tubercles.
The synovial membrane, and in fact the whole structure of the joint, is susceptible to injury and serious inflammatory derangement, and the capsular ligament is liable to be distended from excessive secretion of synovia.
Discharge of increased and vitiated synovial secretion takes place, followed by profuse and unhealthy suppuration.
A practice which has been extensively and rather indiscriminately pursued in diseases of joints and of other parts, in affections of synovial membrane, ulceration of cartilage, disease of bone, and even in cases of necrosis, is here detailed.
The synovial membrane is sometimes studded on its inner aspect with loose fleshy or semicartilaginous substances projecting into the cavity of the joint.
When part of the capsule is affected, the inflammation spreads rapidly over all the surface; the synovial membranes resembling the serous in this respect, as well as in healthy structure and function.
It may be here remarked, that the synovial membrane may be affected for a long period, thickened portions may extend over the cartilages, and these may have lymph upon them and yet remain intact.
If indolent swelling of the cellular tissue, and spongy thickening of the synovial surface of the bursa, remain after incision, the application of the caustic potass may be required.
These changes often compose the primary disease, and to them the affections of the synovial membrane and other parts succeed.
The synovial membrane, however gelatinous or thickened looking, really requires very little care or notice; it will disappear of itself, partly by sloughing, partly by absorption during the profuse suppuration.
A soft tumor or synovial swelling on the fetlock joint of a horse; -- so called from having formerly been supposed to contain air.
If the puncture involves the sesamoid sheath, the synovial fluid escapes.
In bad cases the rubbing and biting may cause exposure of synovial sacs and tendons, and cause irremediable injury.
The complicated arrangement of the hock joint, and the powerful tendons which pass on the posterior part, are lubricated with the product of secretion from one tendinous synovial and several articular synovial sacs.
If there is an escape of pure synovialfluid from a wound of the sole, without injury to the bone, a small pencil of corrosive sublimate should be introduced to the bottom of the wound and the foot dressed as directed above.
Wounds of tendon sheaths are similar to open joints in that there is an escape of synovial fluid, "sinew water.
These are, affections of the synovial sacs, those of the joint structures, or of the bones and their articular surfaces, and those forms of solution of continuity known as dislocations or luxations.
The dilatation of this articular synovial sac is what is denominated bog spavin, the term thoroughpin being applied to the dilatation of the tendinous capsule.
The medicines used to coagulate the synovial discharge are best simply applied to the surface of the wound, on pledgets of tow, and held in place by bandages.
Any other animal fluid of a viscid quality, as the synovial fluid, which lubricates the cavities of the joints; -- improperly so used.
At each subsequent dressing of infected wounds so treated less suppuration is noticed and the synovial discharge usually ceases in from one to two months.
As a result of acute synovitis a chronic synovial distension of the tarsal sheath occurs.
Direct injury such as blows may be the cause of synovial distension of thecae and the affection is to be seen in all horses that have done much fast work on hard road surfaces or pavements.
Some animals are undoubtedly predisposed to disease of synovial structures.
This solution is allowed to remain in the synovial cavity a few minutes and by compressing the tissues surrounding the tendon sheath, the evacuation of as much of the contents of the synovial cavity as is practicable, is effected.
The application of blistering agents is of no value in stimulating resorption of an excessive amount of synovia in chronic cases and the actual cautery when employed without perforation of the synovial structure, is of little benefit.
This synovial bursa forms a smooth groove through which the biceps brachii glides in the anterior scapulohumeral region.
Synovial distension of tendon sheaths and bursae in the region of the fetlock are caused by the same active agencies which produce this condition in other parts.
Strains in pulling or in slipping are undoubtedly causative factors and in draft horses such strains may result in involvement of this synovial apparatus.
Following strains from work in the harness or under the saddle, horses develop an acute synovitis of the hock joint, which often results in chronic synovial distension.
These may be attached to the synovial fringes, or imbedded in the membrane itself, or set free by rupture of their pedicles.
The synovial membrane is thickened, slightly injected, and its fringes hypertrophied and more vascular than normally.
The swelling may consist of a mere puffiness, due to slight infiltration of the soft parts external to the joint, or of a more or less considerable tumefaction, caused by effusion into the synovial capsule.
Finally, in subacute rheumatism the alterations in the synovial membrane, and especially in the cartilages just described, are likely to be more marked than in the acute form.
Synovial membrane, the dense and very smooth connective tissue membrane which secretes synovia and surrounds synovial capsules and other synovial cavities.
Defn: Inflammation of thesynovial sheath enveloping a tendon.
Defn: A soft tumor or synovial swelling on the fetlock joint of a horse; -- so called from having formerly been supposed to contain air.
Defn: A thin watery animal fluid, as synovial fluid and pericardial fluid.
Defn: A transparent, viscid, lubricating fluid which contains mucin and secreted by synovial membranes; synovial fluid.
Synovial capsule, a closed sac of synovial membrane situated between the articular surfaces at diarthrodial joints.
In the absence of bone injury the wounds usually healed without any obvious ill effect beyond the transient effusion into the joints of a mixture of blood and synovial fluid.
This consisted of synovial fluid admixed with a varying proportion of blood.
The slight amount of resistance offered by the cancellous ends was also clinically illustrated by the absence of severe synovial effusions when they were struck.
This course was the more easy to take, since a large proportion of such wounds were accompanied by some degree of synovial effusion, even when the neighbouring joint had escaped puncture.
They will be referred to again under the heading of injuries to the joints, and some remarks will also be found there regarding the synovial effusion so often occurring into the knee-joint in cases of fracture of the shaft of the bone.
In the case of the knee, where readily palpated, it very much resembled a tubercular synovial membrane, except for its extreme regularity of surface; still more closely the condition noted in a hæmophilic knee of some duration.
The condition referred to was the occurrence of considerable synovial effusion into the joints of limbs in which the articulation itself was primarily untouched.
The synovialcavity of the knee was distended and doughy on palpation.
Such tracks usually opened the synovial sac more extensively than direct perforating wounds, and if suppuration occurred in any portion of the track, the pus was very liable to be sucked into the joint on any free movement.
The primary escape of synovial fluid was rarely observed, as the wounds of the soft parts were too small and valvular to permit of it.
Thus I occasionally observed more troublesome results from minor shell wounds in the neighbourhood of joints, but not implicating the synovial cavity, than in actual perforating injuries produced by bullets of small calibre.
This kept the synovial surfaces apart at the lines of reflection of the membrane, and, given sufficiently active treatment, mobility was restored before any firm union could take place.
The synovial membrane was granular in appearance and reddened, but there was no suppuration outside the confines of the joint, except in a cavity corresponding to 2 inches of the track before it actually perforated the tibia.
A transparent, viscid, lubricating fluid which contains mucin and secreted bysynovial membranes; synovial fluid.
A thin watery animal fluid, as synovial fluid and pericardial fluid.
Inflammation of the synovial sheath enveloping a tendon.
The slushing-oil will replacesynovial oil as a lubricant for cross-head guides, etc.
Brass gearing should have a thin film of sperm-oil or synovial oil on it.
It is generally due to chronic inflammation of the synovial membrane.
The swellings may be due to an injury to the skin and the subcutaneous tissue, or more important structures may be involved, as the subcutaneous bursa, the tendon, or the synovial bursa or sack.
In injuries involving the sheaths of the tendons and the synovial membrane, the pain is severe and the accompanying inflammation may take on a serious form.
A sac of synovial fluid formed between the bones of the hock from side to side.
It is caused by the formation of a sac containing synovial fluid which has oozed out of the joint.
This is very smooth, as it is lined with the soft synovial membrane, beneath which will be seen the cartilage, that may be cut with a knife, and under this the rough extremity of the ends of the bones.
The synovial membrane which covers the cartilage of both bones, and is then doubled back from one to the other; it is represented by the dotted lines.
Some surround it like a hood, and contain the lubricating synovial fluid, (8, 9, fig.
In some cases of injury and disease, the synovial fluid is secreted in large quantities, and distends the sac of the joint.
Most of the ligaments are found exterior to the synovial membrane.
In structure, they are analogous to synovial membranes, and secrete a similar fluid.
What is the effect when the synovial fluid is secreted in large quantities?
Bursal synovial membranes are sacs interposed between the surfaces which move upon each other, producing friction, as in the gliding of a tendon or of the integument over projecting bony surfaces.
Synovial membranes are serous in character, and consist of loose connective tissue, containing fat, vessels and nerves, its inner surface being usually lined with secreting cells.
Vaginal synovial membranes serve to facilitate the gliding of a tendon in the bony canal through which it passes.
Synovial membranes are divided into three classes, known as articular, bursal and vaginal.
In the case of the synovial membrane, temporary hyperæmia accompanied by pain, and some slight effusion into the cavity of the joint.
And this extended upward without first producing any great distention of the synovial sack under the patella.
The upper or inner surface of the mesosternal segment; sy, the synovial articulation between the segments.
Each segment of the sternum (of which there are eight) is separated from the next by a synovial membrane: and it has on either side two facets for articulation with the ribs.
The above list will hopefully give you a few useful examples demonstrating the appropriate usage of "synovial" in a variety of sentences. We hope that you will now be able to make sentences using this word.
