A renewed examination of the subject has caused me to incline strongly to the belief, as above expressed, that Pterichthys and Coccosteans are not as widely separated in phylogeny as Smith Woodward, for example, has maintained.
Just as the last page of this volume passes through the press, there has appeared a bold and striking memoir on the "Phylogeny of the Teleostomi," by Mr. C.
During this period detailed consideration has been given to the phylogeny of special structures, to the probable lines of descent of the groups of fossil fishes, and to the relationships of terrestrial to aquatic vertebrates.
It will be remembered that this was about the time when the Fischers were engaged with their investigations.
A complete proof of the phylogeny of any creature would be given by the preservation of an unbroken series of all its fossil ancestors.
Particularly valuable are the admirable attempts of the two zoologists, Paul and Fritz Sarasin,[22] to throw light upon the human phylogeny by painstaking comparison of all the skeletal parts of man with those of the anthropoid apes.
Particularly obscure is that part of our phylogeny which extends from the Gastraea to Amphioxus.
The only modification which it occurs to me to suggest in this general view of the Phylogeny of the Vertebrata is, that the "Protamphirhine" was possibly more ganoid than shark-like.
With respect to the Phylogenyof the Arthropoda, I find myself disposed to take a somewhat different view from that of Professor Haeckel.
Phylogeny has to answer the much more obscure and difficult question: "What is the origin of the different organic species of plants and animals?
The rudiments of a natural phylogeny which were buried in Lamarck's works were as completely forgotten as the germ of a natural ontogeny which Caspar Friedrich Wolff had given fifty years earlier in his Theory of Generation.
Phylogeny reveals to us the historical development of the will within the ranks of our vertebrate ancestors.
This fundamental hypothesis of rational phylogeny is based, in virtue of the phylogenetic law, on the familiar embryological fact that every man, like every other metazoon (i.
The phylogeny of the mammals and of the lower vertebrates acquaints us with the long series of the earlier ancestors of the primates which have arisen within this stem since the Silurian age.
The phylogeny of the Salientia based on skeletal morphology.
The phylogenyof Sminthillus limbatus and the status of the Brachycephalidae (Amphibia, Salientia).
The phylogeny suggested by these characters is supported by other lines of evidence, including external morphology, tadpoles, and breeding calls.
Because our knowledge of the skeleton in hylids is so incomplete, we are not attempting to place Smilisca in the general scheme of hylid phylogeny on the basis of skeletal characters.
COPE |"On the Phylogenyof the Vertebrata" | 343 | Proc.
One must, however, not expect to be able to survey satisfactorily in every detail the history or phylogeny of the human species which will henceforth form the basis of Anthropology, and of all other sciences.
In this way comparative anatomy and phylogeny lead us to the monophyletic pedigree of the animal kingdom, the outlines of which are given on p.
Of course our phylogeny can indicate only in a very general way the outlines of the human pedigree.
Phylogeny is the more in danger of becoming erroneous the more rigorously it is applied in detail to special animal forms known to us.
It is not ten years since we became acquainted with the imperfect impression of a bird in the Jurassic or Oolitic system, the knowledge of which has been of the very greatest importance for the phylogeny of the whole class of birds.
The task ofphylogeny is much more difficult, as it has to decipher long-past processes by means of imperfect evidence, and has to use its documents with the utmost prudence.
The three most valuable sources of evidence in phylogeny are paleontology, comparative anatomy, and ontogeny.
Hypotheses are necessary in phylogeny and geology, where the empirical evidence is incomplete, as in every other historical science.
Finally, the phylogeny of the vertebrates proves that this highly developed stem has advanced through a long series of invertebrate ancestors (chordonia, vermalia, gastraeada) from the protists by a process of gradual modification.
Thus the phylogeny of the plants encounters much greater difficulties than that of the animals; the embryology of the former says much less in detail than that of the latter.
This interesting fact is explained by the biogenetic law, which shows that the ontogeny of the brain is a condensed recapitulation of its phylogeny in virtue of the laws of heredity.
Besides these three sources of phylogeny there is valuable proof afforded by every branch of biology, especially by chorology, oecology, physiology, and biochemistry.
I made the first attempt to achieve this difficult task in founding stem-history or phylogeny as an independent historical science in my "General Evolution" (in the second volume of the General Morphology).
There must be a threefold parallelism between the natural system, ontogeny and phylogeny (ii.
We shall accordingly, in this chapter, consider very briefly the history of the earlier views on the phylogeny of the vertebrate stock.
He conceived it possible so to link up the various larval forms of Crustacea as to weave a picture of the primeval history of the class, and he made a plucky attempt to work out the phylogeny of the various groups.
He tried also to explain the recapitulation of phylogeny by ontogeny as due to habit.
When in the course of the phylogenythey have played their part as intermediary organs (Vermittelungsorgane) they assume the same function in the ontogeny.
Little was known of the actual causes of ontogeny, and nothing at all of the causes of phylogeny; it was, for instance, mere rhetoric on Haeckel's part to proclaim that phylogeny was the mechanical cause of ontogeny.
If this be the case there can be no real recapitulation in ontogeny of the phylogeny of the race, for the egg-cell represents not the first term in phylogeny, but the last.
It may be convenient to shew in a definite way the bearing of the above speculations on the phylogeny of the Chordata.
A satisfactory elucidation of the phylogeny of Arthropodan eyes has not yet been given.
The phylogeny of groups or families of individuals.
The tribal history of forms; that part of phylogeny which treats of the tribal history of forms, in distinction from the tribal history of functions.
This is seen in psychological introspection by activity of attention; in embryology by the phenomenon of regeneration; and in phylogeny by that of adaptation.
When the ancestry of a man is well known the roots of his recent phylogeny may be traced to his ancestors.
What are the principal conclusions to which we are led by this short study of the ancestral history or phylogeny of man?
In its chief outlines ontogeny is determined by phylogeny by means of the laws of heredity, even when it is only an abridged recapitulation.
The phylogeny of art is still very obscure; Darwin attributes it to sexual attraction, through the efforts made by one sex to attract the other; but his arguments have never convinced me.
It is certain that insects descended from worms, and there is no doubt that the larvæ of insects, which are almost worms, represent the ontogenetic repetition of the phylogeny of insects.
Let us begin with a short exposition of the phylogeny of the sentiments of sympathy, or the altruistic and social sentiments.
Semon then shows how the most feeble engraphias may gradually arrive at ecphoria, as the result of numerous repetitions (in phylogeny after innumerable generations).
When certain people maintain that a few generations of activity suffice to elevate the intellectual development of women, they confound the results of education with those of heredity and phylogeny (vide Chapter II).
Phylogeny of the types of vertebrate ileo-colic junction and caecum, and their probable lines of evolution.
Hence neither ontogeny nor phylogeny are here introduced, except as aids to the study of adult human anatomy.
The significance and phylogeny of this spiral fold has been considered above (cf.
They were doubtless tactile organs, and while the evidence is chiefly negative, it would seem that they proved useless, and were lost early in the phylogeny of this group.
From the phylogeny of certain groups, such as the Asaphidae, it is learned that the geologically older members of the family have more strongly segmented anterior and posterior shields than the later ones.
The phylogeny of the #Prunoidea# is especially complicated by the formation of peculiar transverse constrictions, perpendicular to the longitudinal axis.
The palaeontology of the Radiolaria already offers very considerable material for study; but in consequence of its incompleteness this is of little value for the study of the phylogeny of the class.
Defn: The tribal history of forms; that part of phylogeny which treats of the tribal history of forms, in distinction from the tribal history of functions.
I imagine that I have now sufficiently explained the above proposition, that the repetition of the phylogeny in the ontogeny does not and cannot occur among unicellular organisms.
Consequently, any attempt to place Ptychohyla in the over-all scheme of hylid phylogeny would be premature at this time.
In the second volume I dealt broadly with the principle of evolution, distinguishing ontogeny and phylogeny as its two coordinate main branches, and associating the two in the Biogenetic Law.
The phylogeny of the gill clefts or pouches is uncertain.
This remarkable metamorphosis is, however, also interesting because it throws a certain light on the phylogeny of the tail-less apes and man.
We have seen, in studying the evolution of the body as a whole, that phylogeny casts a light over the darker paths of ontogeny, and that we should be almost unable to find our way in it without the aid of the former.
This "comparative anatomy" and evolution of languages admirably illustrates the phylogeny of species.
We may now, therefore, approach our proper task, and reconstruct thephylogeny of man in its chief lines with the aid of this evidence of comparative anatomy and ontogeny.
We have already seen the first rudiments of its embryology, which in the main corresponds to its phylogeny (Figures 1.
The phylogeny of the placenta has become more intelligible from the fact that we have found a number of transitional forms of it.
In the seventh chapter of my Systematic Phylogeny of the Vertebrates I advanced the hypothesis that the Placentals form a single stem with many branches, which has been evolved from an older group of the Marsupials (Prodidelphia).
The recapitulation of phylogeny by ontogeny is only fairly complete in a few cases, and is never wholly complete.
The phylogeny of the skull has made great progress during the last three decades through the joint attainments of comparative anatomy, ontogeny, and paleontology.
The evolution of language also teaches us (both from its ontogeny in the child and its phylogeny in the race) that human speech proper was only gradually developed after the rest of the body had attained its characteristic form.
We must act in this way in constructing the phylogeny of man.
In tracing the evolution of the various organs we shall follow the method that has hitherto guided us, except that we shall now have to consider the ontogeny and phylogeny of the organs together.
This necessity of manufacturing facts does not speak well for the testimony of geology to the supposed phylogeny of man.
Having thus noticed Haeckel's assumptions and his methods, we may next shortly consider the manner in which he proceeds to work out the phylogeny of man.
In the phylogeny of man, for example, what a vast hiatus yawns between the ascidian and the lancelet, and another between the lancelet and the lamprey!
No indications beyond those furnished by comparative anatomy help us to unravel the phylogenyof the Collembola.
So well known as to have become a commonplace, is the phylogeny of the horses, which, contrary to all that would have been expected, ran the greater part of its course in North America.
Grabau's "Phylogeny of Fusus and its Allies" ("Smithsonian Misc.
I endeavoured to employ all the known facts of comparative ontogeny (embryology) for the purpose of completing my scheme of human phylogeny (evolution).
Our attention will be concentrated on the following questions, all relating to the phylogeny of main groups of plants: i.
Butler, and I have endeavoured in these cases to refer the caterpillars as far as possible to their correct position in the respective groups founded on the ontogeny and phylogeny of their allies.
Ligustri or Drupiferarum would reveal the whole process, although it may also be possible that owing to the contraction of the development, much of the phylogeny is already lost.
The above list will hopefully give you a few useful examples demonstrating the appropriate usage of "phylogeny" in a variety of sentences. We hope that you will now be able to make sentences using this word.
