In view of the stability of benzoselenazoles toward hot concentrated acids (with the exception of nitric, when nitration ensues) and alkalis, these dyes may prove of some commercial interest.
Other Methods of Preparation The nitration of benzoic acid produces only very small yields of the p-nitro product.
Then again, the manufacture of Bismarck brown requires dinitrobenzene, this being made by the nitration of benzene beyond the stage of nitrobenzene.
Chardonnet has found on the other hand that in bleaching before nitration there is a loss of spinning quality in the collodion.
The sulphite treatment was the more marked in influence, somewhat lowering the cellulose and nitration constants.
Higher degrees of nitration are attained by the process of solution in concentrated nitric acid and precipitation by pouring into sulphuric acid.
It is also noteworthy that levulose gave this same product, the trinitrate of the anhydride (levulosan) by both methods of nitration (supra).
To render the product waterproof the process ofnitration is sometimes superadded [D.
After nitration there is no objection to a chlorine bleach.
This substance readily yields ortho-oxybenzoic acid or salicylic acid, which on nitration yields two mononitro-oxybenzoic acids.
It is readily brominated and nitrated; when the nitration is carried out in the presence of sulphuric acid, the nitro-groups take up the meta position with regard to the amino-groups.
CH3 On nitration it yields chiefly meta-nitro-benzaldehyde, crystallizing in needles which melt at 58 deg.
A constant rotatory motion should be given to the beaker in which the nitration is performed.
The chief points to attend to during the progress of the nitration are-- 1.
The nitration being finished, the large earthenware tap at the bottom of the tank is opened, and the charge allowed to flow away down the conduit to the next building, i.
The explosive bodies formed by the nitration of jute have been studied by Messrs Cross and Bevan.
In the flax fibre the walls are comparatively thick, the central canal small; hence it is to be presumed that the nitration must proceed more slowly than in the case of cotton.
The composition of the acids used depends upon the substance to be nitrated, and the temperature at which the nitration will be worked.
The lesson this table teaches is, that it is almost impossible to nitrate cellulose in small quantities, and get uniform results, when the nitration is carried on at high temperatures.
The nitrationis usually conducted in a vessel constructed of lead, some 4 feet wide at the bottom, and rather less at the top, and about 4 feet or so high.
I am not aware that this modification of the process of nitrationis in use at the present time.
The nitration will take about thirty minutes to complete, but the compressed air and water should be kept on for an additional ten minutes after this, to give time for all the glycerine to nitrate.
The so-called collodion cottons are nitrated celluloses, but of a lower degree of nitration (as a rule) than guncotton.
Bottger of Frankfort and Otto and Knop, all of whom added to our knowledge of the subject, the last-named introducing the use of sulphuric along with nitric acid in the nitration process.
Following out this idea, experimental work was undertaken in an effort to develop cellulose that could be produced from wood pulp in suitable physical form for nitration and which would meet the chemical requirements.
These stumps contained quantities of turpentine and resin that could be recovered and the resultant pulp after proper treatment could be prepared in suitable form as cellulose for nitration purposes.
It was also thought that gun-cotton of a high degree of nitration when made into colloidal form would even then burn too quickly to be suitable for use in firearms.
If pure chemicals are employed in the manufacture, and the gun-cotton and nitro-glycerine be made of the highest nitration and best quality, we have a smokeless powder which will possess the following desirable qualities: 1st.
