I am betimes sensible of the little breezes that begin to sing and whistle within, forerunners of the storm: "Ceu flamina prima Cum deprensa fremunt sylvis et caeca volutant Murmura, venturos nautis prodentia ventos.
In the sturgeons the numerouscaeca form a compact gland.
Pyloric caeca are close to the stomach, and vary in number; there are even some, like the majority of the cartilaginous fishes, which have none whatever.
Nor is the expression of the text caeca obedientia, but caeca quadam obedientia[75].
Pithecia forms a transitive type between the blunt sacculated caeca of the Cynomorpha and the curved pointed pouches of the Cebidae, partaking of the characters of both.
A second modification of the intestinal canal, suggesting the same physiological interpretation as the ileo-colic caecum, is presented by the so-called pyloric caeca or appendices of many Teleosts and Ganoids already referred to (p.
In the smaller upper figure on the left the stomach, mid-gut, and pyloric caeca are seen in section, showing the lumen of the latter and their openings into the mid-gut.
In studying the conditions presented by this specimen, it is not difficult to trace the analogous structures in the caeca of Cercopithecus, Ateles and Mycetes.
Numerous pyloric caeca are bound together to form a gland-like organ.
Dissected to show confluence of caeca to form a smaller number of terminal tubes of larger calibre entering the intestine.
Stomach and mid-gut with pyloric caeca and hepatic duct.
The same significance belongs to the enormously developed caeca of these birds (cf.
The caecaand appendices of the anthropoid apes present the same characters.
These pouches or diverticula of the intestine form the so-called pyloric caeca or appendices of these fish.
This results in an arrangement which recalls the structure of many avian caeca (cf.
In two species which I opened, there were no caeca to the stomach.
In Lepas, the labrum has to become bullate; and the caeca have to increase in number round the upper end of the stomach, and their dark colour and that of the whole alimentary canal has to disappear or be much weakened.
Von Siebold, I observe, refers to Burmeister as the first author who discovered the ovariancaeca within the peduncle; I had thought that M.
The branching and inosculating ovarian caeca form a layer, which corresponds with the mass filling up the peduncle in the Lepadidae.
These organs falsely appear as if suspended in the middle of the peduncle, but they are really attached, I believe within a separate partition, to the ventral surface, occupying the same position as the mass of ovarian caeca in the female.
Caeca are said by Von Siebold to occur in some of the Entomostraca, as Daphnia, Argulus, &c.
Alimentary canal rarely coiled, occasionally with glands which are simple caeca and sometimes serve as air reservoirs; jaws often present and an eversible pharynx.
Alimentary canal sometimes with protrusible proboscis; never with gizzard or oesophageal glands; intestine with caeca as a rule.
The oesophagus is provided often with caeca which in Syllids and Hesionidae have been found to contain air, and possibly therefore perform the function of the fish's air-bladder.
The intestine has a pair ofcaeca or two or three pairs (but all lie in one segment) in the genus Pheretima and in one species of Rhinodrilus.
Among the purely aquatic families such structures are very rare, and are represented by two caeca in the genus Limnodriloides.
But there is a dilatation at the commencement of the large intestine, which is not very different from the slightly-developed caeca of Dasypus.
The Hyracoidea are peculiar in the fact that in addition to the caecum at the junction of the small and large intestines, there are a pair of caeca (bird-like in being paired) some way down the large intestine.
There are no caeca and no azygos lobe to the lung.
Schaefer and Williams[77] have shown that the squamous, non-glandular epithelium of the oesophagus extends over the greater part of the stomach, only the pyloric extremity and one of the two cardiac caeca being lined with columnar epithelium.
Renal excretory caeca (Malpighian tubes) are developed from the proctodaeum (not from mesenteron as in scorpion and Amphipoda).
The absence of such renal caeca in Limulus and their presence in the terrestrial Arachnida is precisely on a parallel with their absence in aquatic Crustacea and their presence in the feebly branchiate Amphipoda.
Prosomatic pair of gastric caeca in Scorpio, called salivary glands by some writers.
Limulus agrees with the majority of the Crustacea in being destitute of renal excretory caeca or tubes opening into the hinder part of the gut.
Caeca and ducts of Scorpio not represented in Limulus.
The anterior two pairs of gastric caecaand ducts of the mesosomatic region.
At a very early age, before the young Cirripede can be distinctly made out, the posterior ends of these gut-formed bodies are absorbed, so as not to pass beyond the caeca of the stomach.
These latter rest on the upper edge of the stomach, and touch the caeca where such exist; they were thought by Cuvier to be salivary glands.
The proximal part of the duodenum and the terminal part of the intestine are represented as cut open, the former to shew the pyloric valve and the apertures of the pyloric caeca and bile duct, and the latter to shew the spiral valve.
We have first noticed the pyloric caeca arising as outgrowths of the duodenum in larvae of about three weeks old, and they become rapidly longer and more prominent (Plate 40, fig.
By the time this takes place the liver caeca have grown into three large tubes filled with fluid, and provided with a muscular wall.
As they are formedcaeca from the stomach become prolonged into them.
At its end are often found the large glandular tubes called pyloric caeca which secrete a digestive fluid; and to its right side is attached the red spleen.
The short part of intestine between the caeca and cloaca is called the rectum.
Carefully remove a pair of pyloric caeca from one of the rays and note the short duct which connects them with the pyloric chamber of the stomach.
Remove the alimentary canal, cutting it free posteriorly at the caeca and anteriorly just above the muscular gizzard.
These outpocketings have already been mentioned as the respiratory caeca (see p.
The pyloric caeca secrete a fluid which is poured into the alimentary canal and which assists in the process of digestion somewhat as does the secretion from the pancreas of the toad.
The caeca are hollow outgrowths of the wall of the gut, the blind ends being directed forwards.
The insectivorous and omnivorous rollers, motmots and bee-eaters have a pair of large caeca, whilst in passerine birds of similar habit the caeca are vestigial glandular nipples.
The third portion of the gut should be termed the hind-gut and lies between the caecum or caeca and the anus, corresponding to the large intestines, colon and rectum of human anatomy.
A set of organs peculiar to fish and known as the pyloric caeca are absent in Cyclostomata and Dipnoi, in most Selachii and in Amia, but present, in numbers ranging from one to nearly two hundred, in the vast majority of fish.
In the case of birds, it may be said that on the whole the caeca are generally large in herbivorous forms and generally small in insectivorous, frugivorous, carnivorous and piscivorous forms, but there are many exceptions.
The caeca exhibit almost every gradation of development, from relatively enormous size to complete absence, and there is no definite, invariable connexion between the nature of the food and the degree of their development.
These caeca have been compared with the colic caeca of higher vertebrates, but there is yet no exact evidence for the homology.
Next, in most birds, the caecawhen present are paired, whereas in most mammals there is only a single caecum.
Hyrax and the manatee, the caeca are normally paired; in many other (e.
The excretory surface is increased by numerous ramified caeca which extend beneath the body wall laterally and ventrally, and open into the tube (fig.
Fine caeca of the nephridium, which are seen ramifying transversely over the whole inner surface of the pedal muscular mass.
The existence of paired caeca was previously known in a few armadillos and anteaters, but Dr Mitchell has shown that they are common in these groups, while he has also recorded their occurrence in the hyrax and the manati.
Harpides is another genus in which genal caeca are strikingly shown, and in this case they completely cover the huge cheeks, radiating from two main trunks to the front and sides.
It should be stated that the courses of the genal caeca are not correctly figured by Barrande (Supplement, 1872, pl.
Genal caeca occur on blind trilobites, on trilobites with simple eyes, and on trilobites with compound eyes.
The coincidence of the eye-lines with the trunks of the genal caeca in Ptychoparia seems to be merely a coincidence.
The relation of the genal caeca to the ocelli on the cheeks is best shown in the Trinucleidae.
The question of the function of the genal caeca can not, in any case, be settled by an appeal to Limulus, and it is doubtful if it can be settled at all at the present time.
They probably can not be explained as traces of nerves and more likely represent either traces of the gastric caeca or of the circulatory system.
Nothing has been seen of any such organs, unless the genal caeca may possibly be of that nature.
In all these the genal caeca fade out in the genal angles, and in none of them would compound eyes be expected in that region.
The interest lies in the fact that while the ocelli and eye-lines were lost in development, the genal caeca are present in the adult, showing that they are different structures.
Eye-lines occur on trilobites with both simple and compound eyes, and genal caeca may or may not be present in both cases.
The above list will hopefully give you a few useful examples demonstrating the appropriate usage of "caeca" in a variety of sentences. We hope that you will now be able to make sentences using this word.
