This clay appears to lie immediately over the mica-slate, and under the calcareous breccia of the tertiary strata.
Near the Cerro de la Popa there appears, on several points, breccia with a limestone cement containing angular fragments of Lydian stone.
The limestone of the Barigon, which is a part of the great formation of sandstone or calcareous breccia of Cumana, is filled with fossil shells in as perfect preservation as those of other tertiary limestones in France and Italy.
The question seems to be answered in the affirmative by the discovery of a human skull and several bones in the volcanic breccia of Mont Demise, in company with remains of the elephant (E.
Extensive beds of tuff andbreccia accompany the trachytic masses.
Beds of volcanic ash or breccia also frequently occur, and often contain augite crystals.
In the case of the Kiombo flow I have endeavoured to explain the origin of a closely similar pitch-stone-breccia (page 92).
The filling up of a fissure in a mass of tuff-breccia by palagonite-tuffs and agglomerates probably occurred during the submergence, the original dyke-rock having been removed by marine erosion.
The erosion was practically arrested at the upper end of the canon by a sudden transition from the softer breccia to hard basalt, and the falls are the result.
In some instances the furrows are so regular that the breccia has a columnar appearance.
Hundreds of cones were built up, fragments of which still remain; and around them were arranged by the water the dust and fragments of rock, the ejectamenta of these volcanoes, in the form of the conglomerate or breccia as we find it now.
At the base of the walls immense masses of breccia have fallen from the mountain tops, in many instances cutting long swaths through the pine forests.
At Ruby Hill near Bingara they were found in a breccia filling a volcanic pipe.
With a little more time to spare, I would fain have made this breccia of the Old Red the subject of a few simple experiments.
None of the four external openings now exposed to view in steep cliffs or in the sloping side of a valley were visible before the breccia and earthy matter which blocked them up were removed during the late exploration.
Between Number 2 and the Chalk Number 1, there usually intervenes a breccia of broken flints.
Human skeletons found under such circumstances may have been artificially intruded long subsequent to the accumulation of the breccia in which they lay.
At the pass of Escrinet in France, on the northern escarpment of the Coiron hills, near Aubenas, I have seen a breccia in the act of forming.
They throw down from their nests the bones of small birds, mice, and other animals, on which they feed, and these are gradually united into a breccia of angular fragments of the decomposing limestone with a cement of red earth.
Schmerling has found human bones in the same mud and breccia with those of the elephant, rhinoceros, bear, and other quadrupeds of extinct species.
The thickness of the separate beds of conglomerate orbreccia which are seen in the same vertical section, is often extremely different, varying from 3 to nearly 50 feet, as I observed in the hill of Calanna.
A recent breccia is also in the act of forming, composed of obsidian, pumice, and scoriae, cemented by siliceous sinter.
From fifteen to twenty implements were found in the breccia and about seventy worked flints of various forms in the cave-earth.
In fact, it is in all essential points identical with them, and agrees in character with many of the implements from the breccia of Kent’s Cavern—especially with one (No.
In the Robin Hood Cave a stalagmitic breccia lay above the cave-earth.
Some flint tools from the breccia are shown in the next three figures.
I have a lenticular mace-head, 3 inches in diameter and 2 inches thick, formed of a silicious brecciafrom Pergamum.
Below this again a breccia of sub-angular and rounded pieces of dark-red grit, a few quartz pebbles, and angular fragments of limestone, embedded in a sandy paste.
X/ In the breccia the hyæna appears to be absent, while remains of bear occur in great abundance.
Like many others, this cave contains a thick mass of bone-breccia on its floor, the bones of which have long been known, and were formerly supposed to be those of giants; while Prof.
There are sea-terraces and layers of shell-breccia along its flanks, and numerous caves which, unlike the inland one, are the product of marine erosion.
Mr. Busk informs me that a precisely similar brecciais found at Gibraltar at approximately the same level.
At the end of the Squaw Peak ridge, on the right, is a mass of andesite, looking like rude cordwood, and just above is a mass of breccia very similar to that found in the Truckee Valley a few miles below Tahoe Tavern.
Lindgren says: "By far the greater part of the andesite occurs in the form of a tuffaceous breccia in numerous superimposed flows.
Just before reaching Blackwood's Creek the trail passes through rude piles of breccia similar to that of the Devil's Playground near the Truckee River.
The white marble is the breccia of Palestine, which can be worked and polished like marble.
It is cased with Palestine breccia of a yellowish and reddish colour, which is found abundantly in the neighbourhood of Jerusalem; it takes as good a polish and produces the same effect as marble.
This I have no doubt was a piece of yellow Palestine breccia with red veins, which abounds in the country.
On our return to Jerusalem from the monastery by the road to the east of that by which we came, we see the quarries from which perhaps were extracted the columns of red breccia which adorn the mosque el-Aksa, and many churches in Palestine.
The form of the sarcophagus is a rectangular parallelepiped, formed of different blocks of breccia well fitted together without mortar.
The Triassic strata of the British Isles are continental, and include breccia beds of cemented talus, deposits of salt and gypsum, and sandstones whose rounded and polished grains are those of the wind-blown sands of deserts.
On the sides of canyons the brecciais carved by rain erosion to fantastic pinnacles.
The remainder of the base of the ancient mountain is made of rudely bedded tuffs and volcanic breccia, with occasional flows of lava, some of the fragments of the breccia measuring as much as twenty feet in diameter.
On each side of many of them have been colossal statues of basalt, breccia and granite; some sitting, some erect, from twenty to thirty feet in height.
The breccia at Jaffna contains recent shells, as does also the arenaceous strata on the western coast of Manaar and in the neighbourhood of Galle.
The fortifications of Jaffna were built by the Dutch, from blocks of breccia quarried far from the sea, and still exhibit, in their worn surface, the outline of the shells and corallines of which they mainly consist.
Incorporated with them there are minute fragments of sapphires, rubies, and tourmaline, showing that the sand of which the breccia is composed has been washed down by the rivers from the mountain zone.
Philo of Byzantium, that the facing was formed of polychromatic zones of granite, of green breccia and other different kinds of stone, renounced this view owing to the evidence of Vyse.
They are in most cases cut out of a breccia of green diorite, with long irregular yellowish veins, and of such hardness that it is difficult to determine the tool with which they were worked.
