When treated with potash lye the resinous acids are fixed, and the toluene floats upon the fluid.
CO2H, which are related to toluene and analogous to benzoic acids.
The product is extracted with boiling toluene in the following manner: 150 g.
The recovered toluene can, of course, be employed again.
From toluene by the Friedel and Crafts reaction, using either sulfur dioxide and hydrogen chloride[7] or sulfuryl chloride.
Methyl red is described as crystallizing in needles from glacial acetic acid; on recrystallization from toluene it separates in plates.
The tolueneis boiled until the condensed liquid runs through almost colorless (this requires from four to ten hours).
He also draws attention to the slight solubility of tri-nitro-toluene in hot water, and to the fact that it is decomposed by dilute alkalies and alkaline carbonates--facts which must be borne in mind in washing the substance.
Tri-nitro-toluene is formed by the action of nitric acid on toluene.
Toluene is a colourless liquid, boiling at 110° C.
When tolueneis nitrated, the para and ortho are chiefly formed, and a very little of the meta compound.
The action is violent and if any toluene is allowed to collect on the surface of the liquid it is apt to produce disastrous results.
Formation of Sulphinide from Tolueneby means of the chlorsulphonic acid reaction.
The results of experiments showed that this afforded a practicable method of preparing toluene ortho-sulphonic acid.
Having thus obtained the toluene ortho-sulphonic acid the next step in the problem was to find a convenient method for converting this into ortho-sulph-benzoic acid.
When toluene is treated with chlorsulphonic acid there are formed besides the ortho- and para- chlorides also ortho and para sulphonic acids.
The yield in amide melting above 153° was a little over one sixth the weight of toluene used.
Other products of the same light oils aretoluene and xylene.
CO2H, which are related to toluene and analogous to benzoic acids.
Now let us consider some of the transformations which benzene and toluene undergo in the hands of the manufacturing chemist.
Benzene and toluene are related to each other in a way which chemists describe by saying that they are "homologous.
Thus toluene contains one atom of carbon and two atoms of hydrogen more than benzene.
Thus the first fraction consists of benzene containing a small percentage of toluene, then comes over a mixture containing a larger proportion of toluene, then comes a purer toluene mixed with a small percentage of xylene.
The starting-point in this synthesis is nitrobenzoic aldehyde, so that here again we begin with toluene as a raw material.
If two hydrogen atoms in benzene or toluene are replaced by two amido-groups, we have diamidobenzenes and diamidotoluenes, which are strongly basic substances, capable of existing in several isomeric modifications.
Benzene andtoluene again form the points of departure.
Thus the artificial production of bitter-almond oil from toluene has already been explained.
Fahlberg discovered a certain derivative of toluene which possessed an intensely sweet taste.
This explanation implies that the rate of fermentation after the action of the toluene represents the amount of fermenting complex present, a supposition which has been shown (p.
What then is the effect of toluene on the living yeast-cell?
This effect of toluene is similar in character to the action of anæsthetics on the leaves of many plants containing glucosides and enzymes, whereby an immediate decomposition of the glucoside is initiated [see H.
The action of toluene has hitherto been most completely studied, and this substance is an extremely suitable one for the purpose since it has practically no action whatever on fermentation by yeast-juice.
No such acceleration of autofermentation is effected by the addition of toluene to yeast-juice, and hence the result is not due to an acceleration of the action of the diastatic enzyme on the glycogen.
Buchner and Skraup [1914] have moreover shown that the effects of sodium chloride and toluene on the fermenting power of yeast which were observed by Rubner, can be explained in other ways.
That phenomena of this kind may be involved is shown by the remarkable effect of toluene on the autofermentation of yeast.
This last property is only acquired to a small degree in this way but it becomes much more strongly developed if the pressed yeast be washed with toluene on the filter pump.
The experiments of Buchner have, in fact, shown that the normal rate of fermentation and the total fermentation produced, are almost unaffected by the presence of toluene even in the proportion of 1 c.
But it is evident, nevertheless, that the toluene thermometers used are correct to less than half a degree (Centigrade), and even this difference may no doubt be explained by one thermometer being slung while the other was fixed.
But the toluene thermometers in use were old and good instruments, so that the observations for this period may also be regarded as perfectly reliable.
For the first six months only toluene sling thermometers were used.
It may be prepared by fusion of ortho-toluene sulphonic acid with potash; by the action of phosphorus pentoxide on carvacrol; or by the action of zinc chloride on camphor.
It may be prepared by the fusion of para-toluene sulphonic acid with potash; by the action of nitrous acid on para-toluidine; or by heating para-oxyphenyl acetic acid with lime.
The pure substances are best obtained by fusion of the corresponding toluene sulphonic acids with potash.
It can also be prepared by distilling meta-oxyuvitic acid with lime, or by the action of air on boiling toluene in the presence of aluminium chloride (C.
The toluene fraction requires a more thorough washing with sulphuric acid in order to eliminate the thiotolene, which is sulphonated much less readily than thiophene.
HCl + H2O = NH4Cl + C6H5CHO; and by the action of chromium oxychloride on toluene dissolved in carbon bisulphide (A.
That is, if a dye factory had worked out a process for making indigo fromtoluene it would not be practicable because there was not enough toluene produced to supply the demand for indigo.
It is possible to start from benzene, toluene or naphthalene.
The first process was the easiest, but if you will refer to the products of the distillation of tar you will find that the amount of toluene produced is less than the naphthalene, which is hard to dispose of.
We see here that our benzene yields us an equal weight of aniline, and the toluene (9/10 lb.
The raw material is a coal-tar naphtha called toluene or toluol, which is also the raw material for saccharin, a sweetening agent made from coal-tar.
By the action of ammonia, p-toluene sulphonamide is produced and is subsequently oxidised by bichromate and sulphuric acid to p-sulphonamidobenzoic acid.
The above list will hopefully give you a few useful examples demonstrating the appropriate usage of "toluene" in a variety of sentences. We hope that you will now be able to make sentences using this word.
