In 1896 Senator Lodge introduced an immigration bill, which contained the famous literacy test, excluding all persons between fourteen and sixty years of age "who cannot both read and write the English language or some other language.
The literacy test was inserted by the House but was rejected by the Senate.
Of these, the literacy test met with the most favor.
They were right, for in comparison to the on-duty high school courses offered Negroes, the command restricted courses for white soldiers to so-called literacy training or completion of the fifth grade.
In World War II thousands of draftees were taught to read and write in the Army's literacy program.
With the exception of a measure to outlaw literacy and poll tax requirements for voting, no civil rights bills were sent to the Eighty-seventh Congress.
The poll tax, literacy tests, and outright intimidation frustrated the registration of Negroes in many areas, and in some rural counties black voter registration actually declined in the early 1960's.
United States senators complain that during the close of the struggle over the immigration bill they were overwhelmed with a torrent of crooked statistics and misrepresentations by the Hebrews fighting the literacy test.
The power of the million Jews in the metropolis lined up the Congressional delegation from New York in solid opposition to the literacy test.
There are a few other, similarly neuralgic points on Earth, but what distinguishes the Balkans from the rest is that it is precisely via its central part - Macedonia - that Christianity and modern literacy invaded Europe.
Literacy in the armies was made a point of great pride, and certain divisions made novel reputations for themselves on this ground.
In addition to formal aid to institutions of higher learning, and administration of the National Government colleges, the Ministry sponsors the mass literacy movement.
A government which diffusesliteracy without advancing reforms is sharpening weapons against itself.
The literacy imparted is of the most elementary kind; but in a civilized society such as China this has immediate effect.
Diffusion of literacy creates a momentary satisfaction with the political system which makes literacy possible, but the after-effect of literacy is to make men of any nationality easier to govern well and harder to govern badly.
The present status of literacy in China is revealed by official figures from the Ministry of Education, which may err somewhat on the side of optimism.
The war, moving vast masses of people and shifting the modernized city-dwellers from the coast to the interior, has proved a stimulus to the rise of literacy and the demand for popular literature.
Beginning with 1929 the point of emphasis of the Movement shifted from extensive promotion of literacy to intensive study of the life of the farmers in the rural districts.
Examination of the various elements affecting the status of literacy in the contemporary world of fragmented practical experiences opens a new perspective on language.
Literacy operates from top (vocabulary, grammar rules, and phonetics are given in advance) to bottom.
There is no literacy involved here, and no literacy is expected in decoding the message.
It implies transition from a dominating form of literacy to a multitude of highly adaptive sign systems.
Nevertheless, the characteristics of literacy affected practically all pragmatic experiences, conferring upon them a unity and coherence we can only look back upon with nostalgia.
In fact, science changed from an elitist practical experience strongly controlled by the guardians ofliteracy (i.
Administrative and management functions required more literacy than work on the assembly line.
Indeed, the doctrine of individual conformity to rational necessity was expressed in many pragmatic contexts, but never as forcefully as in the context that appropriated literacy as one of its guiding forces.
The university, under the alibi of equal opportunity and more in consideration of its own agenda, has done more damage to education and literacy by forcing itself upon Americans as the only means to attain a better life.
Changes in the pragmatic framework brought about the realization that literacy today might be better suited to bridging various fragmented bodies of knowledge or experiences, than to actually embodying them.
It is being stunted, too, by the market that sells literacy as though there were no tomorrow despite the fact that literacy has lost its dominant position in our lives.
Literacy as such was registered rather late as a qualifier of the warrior.
This began somewhat earlier in England than in Germany, and very much earlier than in France, where literacy conservatism went strangely hand in hand with political radicalism.
He was not only the favorite of the people, but in a critical time, and a time whole canons of dramatic art were opposed to his practice, he united the suffrages of all the authoritative leader of literacy opinion.
Some Bhats, having the rare and needful qualification of literacy so that they can read the old Sanskrit medical works, have, like a number of Brahmans, taken to the practice of medicine and are known as Kaviraj.
But the Brahmans had the monopoly not only of the sacred Sanskrit literature, but practically of any kind of literacy or education.
The Banias never desired nor were encouraged to attain to any higher degree of literacy than that necessary for keeping accounts of sale and loan transactions.
Footnote: Certain near relatives of admissible aliens, purely political offenders, and persons seeking refuge from religious persecution, are exempted from this literacy test, however.
Should we retain theliteracy test as part of our immigration policy?
Hundreds of teachers staffed scores of schools and brought some degree of literacy and job skills to thousands of pupils.
On the other hand, it is argued that the literacy test will fail of success because those who want to come will learn to read and write, which will only delay their arrival a few months without changing their real character.
Since writing was taught after one could read fluently, literacy was indicated by the ability to sign one's name.
Just look as what has happened for literacy in the United States during the period that a copyright law demanded that nothing become Public Domain coming up to 1975 .
Hemingway or Winnie-the-Pooh from becoming parts of the Public Domain going to improve the US literacy rate?
They were also priests and clerics, who maintained the religious services and performed tasks for which literacy was necessary.
At the lowest level of literacy were ballads describing recent events.
This makes evaluation difficult because of the varying degrees of technology literacy among the sites.
Students are acquiring computer literacy in a humanities context.
The Roumanian urban population between the ages of seven and fifteen showed a higher literacy than the corresponding group among the Jews, indicating the influence of the special restrictions on Jewish education which will later be discussed.
The higher cultural standing of the Jews may be partly measured by the relative literacy of the Jews and of the total population.
Confining this comparison to the cities, however, we find that the Jews had a higher literacy only in the age-groups above fifteen.
If the statistics of relative literacy of the Jewish and the non-Jewish population in the towns were obtainable, the chances are strong that they would not show a much higher rate of literacy on the part of the Jews.
The conclusion reached in the first part that the educational standing of the Jews is higher than that of the peoples in Eastern Europe among whom they live is reflected in the greater relative literacy of their immigrants.
The figures regardingliteracy are not available for Austria-Hungary or Galicia, but there is every reason to believe that essentially the same situation exists as in Russia and Roumania.
In about eight or ten years, we may want to pull the Independent-Conservative party together again, to cash in on public dissatisfaction with Pelton's socialized Literacy program, which ought to be coming apart at the seams by then.
But I will ask you, do you realize, for a moment, what a program of socialized Literacy would mean, apart from the implications of any kind of socialization?
This pretense to Literacy is a phase most boys of Ray's age pass through; they do it just as they play air-pirates or hi-jackers a few years earlier.
Your daughter exposed her Literacy to save your life.
If he can get his socialized Literacy program adopted, we'll be in a position to load the public with so many controls and restrictions and formalities that even the most bigoted Illiterate will want to learn to read.
And finally, the illiterates had become Illiterates, and literacy had become Literacy.
Now, since we cannot renounce Literacy entirely, without sinking to fellahin barbarism, and here I definitely part company with Mr. Pelton, he fears the potential power of organized Literacy.
Now, in spite of a lunatic fringe in the Consolidated Illiterates' Organization who want just that, Chester Pelton knows that we cannot abolish Literacy entirely.
We also want to see Literacy become widespread, eventually universal, just as it was before World War IV.
And as for Prestonby's action in teachingLiteracy to her and to her brother," Cardon spoke up, "I think he deserves the thanks and commendation of the Fraternities.
The trick of forcing Claire Pelton to reveal her secret Literacy was all right, although he wished that it had been Frank Cardon who had opened that safe.
If Claire opened it, the gaggle of Illiterate clerks in the doorway would see, and speedily spread the news, that the daughter of the arch-foe of Literacy was herself able to read.
Literacy has nowhere been the test of political power.
Even today Burma has the highest figures of literacy in the whole of British India.
Literacy is, no doubt, a convenient, but by no means a sure index of the intelligence of the people, even much less of their character.
The fact is that mere literacy does not play an important part in the awakening of political consciousness in a people.
However, universal literacy of the people is not an indispensable pre-requisite of self-rule.
One in the Senate requiring a literacy test only was not reported.
The test of literacy commonly adopted in our missions is the capacity to read the Holy Gospels: we accept that gladly and confidently.
Literacy courses were continued until late 1958, when the government officially declared that illiteracy had been eliminated.
Although the proportion of literacy had been increased somewhat by the time the Communists came to power, it was still low.
Much of the lack of literacy could be attributed to the fact that children of school age either were not enrolled in school or, if they were enrolled, did not attend classes regularly.
For the long run, Pakistan must deal with serious problems of deteriorating infrastructure, low literacy levels, and persistent sectarian and political violence.
