In the summer of 1906 he found that guinea pigs and monkeys are very susceptible to spotted fever and can readily be infected by inoculation of blood from patients suffering from the disease.
He sought to determine whether the inoculation of monkeys with flies caught in the wards of the Hospital for Contagious Diseases at Stockholm, where they had been in contact with cases of poliomyelitis, would produce the disease.
The disease probably is transferred through the salivary secretion of the tick since inoculation experiments show that the salivary glands of the infected adult contain the virus.
This was verified by numerous experimenters and it was found that inoculation with a very minute quantity of the diseased blood would not only produce malaria but the particular type of disease.
These are a few of the cases of direct inoculation which may be cited as of the simpler type.
By direct inoculation by its bite, the insect host may transfer the parasite which has undergone development within it.
Closely related are the instances of direct inoculation of disease germs by insects and other arthropods.
Soon after the discovery of the parasites in the blood, Gerhardt (1884) succeeded in transferring the disease to healthy individuals by inoculation of malarious blood, and thus proved that it is a true infection.
The beneficial effects of inoculation in the case of the jailer's children, caused Mrs. Judson to be called upon to perform the operation upon all the children in the village.
Knowing that the other children must have the disease, she inoculated both, and those of the jailer, all of whom had it lightly except her poor babe, with whom the inoculationdid not take, and who had it the natural way.
Nodules had formed on the roots of the beans in the third or inoculated jar only, thereby proving beyond the hope of the experimenter that soil inoculation was a possibility, at least in the laboratory.
Having thus proved the remarkable efficacy of soil inoculationin his laboratory and greenhouses, where I saw great numbers of experiments still going forward, Professor Nobbe set himself to make his discoveries of practical value.
Abbott adds, "that the results of inoculation of the alcoholized rabbits with the erysipelas coccus correspond in a way with clinical observations on human beings addicted to the excessive use of alcohol when infected by this organism.
The Measles have been communicated by [62] Inoculation in some Countries, where it is of a very malignant Disposition; and that Method might also be very advantageous in this.
That it cannot be extended to the general Benefit of the People, without the Foundation of Hospitals for that very Purpose, is equally applicable to the Inoculation of the Measles.
But what we have already observed, with Respect to the Inoculationof the Small-Pocks, viz.
British Museum Library), inoculation was also performed in a manner suggestive of calf-lymph.
The Circassians and some of the tribes of Caucasus are said to have been acquainted with the uses of inoculation in olden days.
As Lady Mary saw it, inoculation was performed with lymph taken from human beings, but according to the Tarikhi Jevdet (vol.
As the inoculation of the former has been known to fail, in instances so numerous, it would be very extraordinary if the latter should always be exempt from failure.
After this, theinoculation of variolous matter would produce no effect.
In a more primitive manner inoculation against smallpox was practised many centuries ago in India, China, and other lands.
If properly conducted, it secures the constitution as much as variolous inoculation possibly can.
This is the first instance of regular inoculation of the vaccine disease by Jenner.
Under such circumstances the patient is sometimes rapidly destroyed, the extravasated urine appearing to induce speedy sinking, similar to the effects of inoculation with a most virulent poison.
In short, the simple elevated sore may arise from the application of secretions from an unbroken surface, from inoculation of matter from a similar sore, or spontaneously, from inattention to cleanliness.
It saved innumerable lives in the eighteenth century, and was, in fact, the parent of the vaccination which has superseded it, and which is merely inoculationwith matter derived from another source, the cow.
Here also have been established the principles of inoculation against bubonic plague, lockjaw, and other germ diseases.
Vaccination as protection against smallpox, the use of antitoxins (of which more later) against diphtheria, and inoculation against typhoid are all ways in which we may be protected against diseases.
Smallpox has been brought under absolute control by vaccination,--the inoculation of man with the substance (called virus) which causes cowpox in a cow.
A syphilitic stricture by direct inoculation {887} is found just within the sphincter muscle, and consists of an infiltration of inflammatory lymph in a circumscribed portion of the submucous tissue.
Contamination by syphilitic virus is the sole cause, whether by direct inoculationor by systemic poisoning, hereditary or acquired.
It is often propagated by contagion, but whether by infection or actual inoculation seems undetermined.
Direct inoculation proceeds from primary sores on the lips, tongue, cheek, and hard palate, themselves the result of actual contact with sores in other individuals.
There was no single escape from death after inoculation by this deadly contagium.
There was but one way open to him to test the activity of the contagium, and that was the inoculation with it of living animals.
On the other hand, the disease refuses to be communicated by inoculation to dogs, partridges, or sparrows.
In both cases the dead organisms sink to the bottom of the liquid, and without re-inoculation no fresh organisms will arise.
Early in the last century Boyer presentedinoculation as a preventive of smallpox in France, and thoughtful physicians in England, inspired by Lady Montagu and Maitland, followed his example.
For bitter denunciations of inoculation by the English clergy, and for the noble stand against them by Madox, see Baron, Life of Jenner, vol.
The violence of the opposing party knew no bounds; they insisted that inoculation was "poisoning," and they urged the authorities to try Dr.
Self-inoculation is quicker in the cowpea than in alfalfa because the vines carry some soil on them, and thus the dust in the seed crop may be rich in bacteria.
If the inoculated soil is near at hand and inexpensive, 500 pounds should be used in order that the chance of quick inoculation may be increased.
Inoculation is needed for best results, as in the case with other legumes new to a region.
The experience of growers will save from mistakes in selection of soils and preparation of the ground, and the thorough inoculation with the right bacteria that can come only with time will do much to insure success.
The inoculation of the soil with cowpea bacteria is necessary to best results in most regions new to the plant.
The necessity ofinoculation has been discussed in Chapter IV.
However, most new seedings of the cowpea do not show a large number of nodules on the plant roots, andinoculation pays.
Inoculation is necessary if the right bacteria are not present.
We have learned that the bacteria of sweet clover serve alfalfa, and this accounts for the inoculation of some regions in the east.
The site of the inoculation is the apex of the shoulder, which has been antiseptically cleaned.
Villemin demonstrated infectivity of tubercular matter by inoculation of discharges; Connheim, Armanni, Burdon Sanderson, Wilson Fox, and others showed that nothing but tubercular matter could produce tuberculosis.
Hence we are not able to study the bacteriology of leprosy at all completely, nor have inoculation experiments proved successful.
This was the first time inoculation was openly practised in England.
The finding of the bacillus is difficult, and the only safe test is inoculation (Woodhead).
The inoculation should be either intraperitoneal or subcutaneous.
It may be well to add the returns of inoculation made at the Pasteur Institute, Rue Dutot, Paris, as above described.
On the following day the patient returns for an inoculation of a cord of the thirteenth day, and so on until a rabid cord emulsion of the first three days has been inoculated.
Another mechanical method is to make a deep inoculation and then melt the top of the medium over a bunsen burner, and thus close the entrance puncture and seal it from the air.
Hence he inferred that inoculation of this mild and non-infectious disease would be preferable to the process of variolation then so widely adopted in England.
Two or three days after inoculation a red pimple appears, which rapidly passes through a vesicular stage until it is a pustule.
The dinner provided by the French caterer was very French, and altogether the last sort of meal that a young gentleman suffering from anti-enteric inoculation ought to have indulged in.
During the war, some evidence was obtained which indicated that preventive inoculation of troops with a vaccine containing large numbers of pneumococci reduced the incidence and mortality of pneumonia.
The inoculation of mixed vaccines in the hope of providing against a number of possible invaders fails to produce immunity sufficient to prevent the infection of mucous membranes.
If a therapeutic injection were made immediately after inoculationof the tumors, no effect was observed.
Aufrecht[67] found micrococci, single and in chains, and short glistening rods, within tubercles resulting from inoculation with material from pearly tumors.
Then Lorin, a French surgeon, published a case of the kind in which inflammation of the hand was induced by inoculation from a horse suffering from farcy, and Waldinger and Weith drew attention to the dangers of infection about the same time.
Moreover, at a certain time, generally about the fifth day, a repetition of the inoculation will fail altogether if the original insertion has really infected the system.
It has also been maintained that relapses are due to the inoculation of the previously healthy Peyer's patches by the typhoid poison which is thrown off with the sloughs from those first affected.
The same organisms were found in tubercles produced by the inoculation of tubercles from man, and he regarded these rod-shaped bodies as the specific element productive of miliary tuberculosis.
In cases not resulting from externalinoculation the febrile symptoms are the earliest to be noticed, and the muscular and articular pains may be at first mistaken for acute rheumatism.
Inoculation of a cat with this fifth culture, started originally from a nasal ulcer of a glandered horse, led to a fatal result in twenty-five days, with suppurating tumor of the left testicle and inguinal glands.
Mayr has shown that the nasal mucus is capable upon inoculation of propagating the disease.
The detection of slight degrees of tuberculous infection is now made easy by certain skin reactions on inoculation of the skin with a substance derived from the tubercle bacilli.
The inoculation of man with the contents of such a vesicle produces a mild form of disease known as vaccinia, which protects the individual from smallpox.
This protection is fully as adequate as that produced by an attack of smallpox, and we are warranted in saying that if thorough vaccination, or the inoculation with vaccinia, were carried out smallpox would disappear.
It has been estimated that if all the growth capacity of this mouse tumor were availed of by the successive inoculation of other mice, a mass of tumor several times the diameter of the sun would grow in two years.
Further, the disease produced by inoculation of the filtrate was itself inoculable and could be transmitted from animal to animal.
The lesions of the disease take the form of blisters which form on the lips and feet and in the mouths of cattle, and inoculation with minute quantities of the fluid in the blisters produces the disease.
Not one of the infected patients died after inoculation was completed.
They must have been making it themselves," Dal said, "and our inoculation was just the straw that broke the camel's back.
The ship stopped at one contract planet to organize a mass inoculation program against a parasitic infestation resembling malaria.
If this is a virus infection, we might only need to find an antibody for inoculation to stop it in its tracks.
I will procure a consultation of physicians, and see whether this wondrous inoculation may not stay the progress of the destroyer.
He looked into the matter like a man of sense, and finding, beyond a doubt, that inoculation had rescued many from death, he resolved to try the experiment in his own family.
The oldest doctor in town contented himself with remarking that no such thing asinoculation was mentioned by Galen or Hippocrates; and it was impossible that modern physicians should be wiser than those old sages.
In after years, when inoculation was universally practised, and thousands were saved from death by it, the people remembered old Cotton Mather, then sleeping in his grave.
In 1863 Davaine, already mentioned, showed that anthrax could be transmitted from animal to animal by inoculation of blood, but only if the blood contained the minute rods which he believed to be the cause.
Inoculation of smallpox was practiced in China and India probably several thousand years ago and was introduced by Lady Mary Wortley Montague into England in 1721, from Constantinople.
Inoculation is made to the bottom and anaerobes grow well (Fig.
In gelatin and agar punctures the oxygen relationship is shown by surface growth for aerobes, growth near the bottom of the puncture for anaerobes, and a fairly uniform growth all along the line of inoculation for facultative anaerobes.
The details of inoculationare best derived from laboratory practice.
The commonest method of animal inoculation is undoubtedly the subcutaneous.
Also in slope and puncture cultures on the various solid media much variation results from the amount of material on the inoculation needle and just how the puncture is made, or the needle drawn over the slope.
Animal inoculation with such material is very often followed by sepsis or septicemia in a few hours, so that the specific organism has no opportunity to manifest itself.
We stand in line for hours to get an issue for the squad; We stand in line for hours and hours to use the cleaning-rod; And hours and hours and hours and hours to sign the roll for pay; And walk for miles in double files on Inoculation day.
The above list will hopefully give you a few useful examples demonstrating the appropriate usage of "inoculation" in a variety of sentences. We hope that you will now be able to make sentences using this word.
