All sponges obtain their food in the same way, namely by means of the currents of water set up by the flagella of the collar-cells.
From the subdermal space the water is forced by the action of the flagella into narrow tubular canals that carry it into the ciliated chambers.
It has been shown by the authors cited that the green corpuscles of the worm are at one stage minute free-living organisms provided at one end with four flagella and at the other with a red pigment spot.
Mouth-spots two, or one, with a distinct construction; flagella symmetrically arranged; nucleus bilobed or geminate.
Symmetrically placed flagella may have a symmetrical reciprocating motion like that of cilia.
Forms with a complex nuclear apparatus, and a muscular undulating membrane with which one or two flagella are connected, parasitic in Metazoa (often in the blood).
This was first printed in the Nouvelles de la republique des lettres (January 1685) and, as Vie de Corneille, was included in all the editions of Fontenelle's Oeuvres.
There have been several collective editions of Fontenelle's works, the first being printed in 3 vols.
The Pluralite des mondes was translated into modern Greek in 1794.
Scotland was there received by his intended bride; and Charles V.
Many of the familiar Protozoa of the fresh-water ponds always have two whiplash-like flagella projecting from one end of the body.
All sponges have a system of canals for this water-current and all have means, in the wavingflagella or cilia with which these canals are lined, for producing these currents.
By means of the lashing of these flagella in the water the tiny creature swims about.
By means of their flagella the numerous microgametes break loose from the body of the microgametocyte and swim away in search of a female element.
Two flagella nearly equal in size Family Bodonidæ One main and 2 accessory flagella Family Trimastigidæ Family Bodonidæ: 1.
An anterior process is almost always present, and below this the flagella are inserted in a minute depression.
Stein's Tropidoscyphus octocostatus is a fresh-water form which may possibly be a distinct species, especially as it is described with both flagella directed forwards.
With an undulatory membrane Genus Trimastix between accessoryflagella Without such membrane; flagella Genus Costia contained in a ventral groove while at rest * Presence at Woods Hole indicated by asterisk.
In addition to the main flagellum, there are usually one or two small flagella at the basis of the larger one.
An oral furrow is present on the ventral side and the two flagella originate in it (fig.
The flagella arise near cross-furrow or, in some cases, in longitudinal furrow.
Diagnostic characters: The transverse furrow is absent and the twoflagella arise from the anterior end of the body.
Special methods must be adopted for staining the flagella of Bacillus typhosus and B.
Migula holds the former view, and states that the position of flagella is constant enough for diagnostic purposes.
The flagella are terminal and lateral, and are elastic and wavy.
Micrococcus agilis (Ali-Cohen) is the only coccus which has flagella and active motion.
The process contracts the bacilli somewhat, but the flagella stain well.
It has been pointed out that by special methods of staining, flagella may be demonstrated.
It is probable that this condition does not persist long, but represents the development of flagella at one end of each of a pair resulting from division of an organism which has flagella at one end only.
The movement of liquid around a bacterium caused by vibrations of flagella can sometimes be observed with large forms and the use of "dark-field" illumination.
Of interest since it is without a sheath, is motile, but without flagella (Fig.
For this reason and also on account of their fineness the demonstration of flagella is not easy, and it is not safe to say that a non-motile bacterium has no flagella except after very careful study.
Sometimes at approaching division the flagella may be at both ends and are then amphitrichic (Fig.
They are rendered visible only by certain methods which cause a precipitate on both bacteria and flagella which are thereby made thick enough to be seen (Chapter XIX, p.
A bacterium showing flagella at each end--amphitrichic.
Flagella are too fine and delicate to be seen on the living organism, or even on bacteria which have been colored by the ordinary stains.
The rendering of flagellavisible is considered one of the most difficult processes in staining.
The spirochetes are motile but flagella have not been shown to be present.
In many bacteria the flagella arise from all parts of the surface of the cell.
A bacterium showing a bundle of four flagella at the end--lophotrichic.
Regarding the movement of the flagella in mature swarm-spores compare L.
These flagellakeep up a lashing to and fro in the liquid, and the lashing serves to propel the bacteria through the liquid.
This motion is produced by flagella which protrude from the body.
The oldest observed larvae (see Figure 33) are characterised by the extraordinary length of the flagella of the outer antennae, and in this respect resemble the larva of Sergestes found by Claus near Messina (Zeitschr.
It is oval or pear-shaped, one to three times the diameter of a red blood-corpuscle in length, and has a cluster of flagella at one end (Fig.
The larvae swim normally like the adult or suspend themselves by their flagella (not shown in the figures) vertically in mid-water.
These cells are arranged around the ciliated chambers in the form of a collar, and from each cell flagella protrude, which are in continual motion.
Certain members of the colony, on the other hand, go to the other extreme and divide up into bundles of from sixty-four to one hundred twenty-eight minute slender cells, each provided with flagella for locomotion.
The lashing of these flagella gives the ball a rotary motion and thus it moves about.
Lophotrichous (a tuft or bunch of flagella situated at each pole; e.
The possession of flagella was at one time suggested as a basis for a system of classification, when the following types of ciliation were differentiated (Fig.
The flagella of some organisms can be demonstrated better by means of an alkaline stain or an acid stain--a point to be determined for each.
Stain for flagella by the modified Pitfield's method.
This is the best method and gives the most reliable results, for not only is the percentage of successful preparations higher than with any other, but the bacilli and flagella retain their relative proportions.
The two swam freely together, both flagella being in action, but it was shortly palpable that the larger one was absorbing the lesser.
If now it be sharply and specially looked for, it will be seen that the root of the flagella splits, dividing henceforth into two separate pairs.
The result is given in the figure; you see that ten flagella would fill the area occupied by the diameter of the body.
That the power of motion in these forms and in the Bacteria is dependent upon these flagella I believe there can be no reasonable doubt.
In the course of a few seconds there is no disconnected sarcode visible, and in five to seven minutes the organism is a union of two of the organisms, the swimming being again resumed, the flagella acting in apparent concert.
The demonstration of itsflagella was a task of difficulty which only patient purpose could conquer.
Meanwhile, the diffluence causes a spreading and flattening of the sarcode and swimming gives place to creeping, while the flagella violently lash.
During this time the nuclear body has commenced and continued a process of self-division; from this moment the organism grows rapidly rounder, the flagella swiftly diverge.
Haying ascertained this, I determined to discover the ratio of thickness between the body of the Bacterium and its flagellum--that is to say, to discover how many of the flagella laid side by side would make up the width of the body.
Now you can see that I only have to lay this on the stage of a microscope, make it an object for a low power, and use a screw micrometer to find how many flagella go to the making of a body.
The above list will hopefully give you a few useful examples demonstrating the appropriate usage of "flagella" in a variety of sentences. We hope that you will now be able to make sentences using this word. Other words: cilia; flagellum; vacuole
