Dickie and Professor Faivre state that the flowers are fertilised in the bud, and that self-fertilisation is inevitable.
Cross-fertilisation proved to be beneficial, and self-fertilisation injurious.
But this advantage is gained in the case of anemophilous species at the expense of the production of an enormous superfluity of pollen, with some risk to them and to entomophilous species of their fertilisation occasionally failing.
He shows that this projection prevents the bees reaching the nectar, unless they go to the left side of the flower, and it is absolutely necessary for cross-fertilisation that they should alight on the left wing-petal.
The fertilisation of one of the higher plants depends, in the first place, on the mutual action of the pollen-grains and the stigmatic secretion or tissues, and afterwards on the mutual action of the contents of the pollen-grains and ovules.
It is not known why a certain amount of differentiation is necessary or favourable for the chemical affinity or union of two substances, any more than for the fertilisation or union of two organisms.
Kolreuter and Gartner have proved that with some plants several, even as many as from fifty to sixty, pollen-grains are necessary for the fertilisation of all the ovules in the ovarium.
Medicago 1873) has described the means of fertilisation in this genus, as has the Reverend G.
This excellent observer remarks that, as the stigma lies between the anthers and is mature at the same time with them, self-fertilisation is possible.
The advantages derived from cross-fertilisation throw a flood of light on most of the chief characters of flowers.
After this she applies the pollen to the tip of the pistil, thus securing the fertilisation of the flower and the growth of the ovules in the pod.
It has more possibilities in it than any other thing, yet without fertilisation it will die.
Cross-fertilisation is much surer by insects than by the wind, and cross-fertilisation is more advantageous than self-fertilisation because it promotes both fertility and plasticity.
But this direct action of the male element is not so anomalous as it at first appears, for it comes into play in the ordinary fertilisation of many flowers.
I know by experiment, play an important part in the fertilisationof the laburnum), the sterile hybrid C.
Its anatomy forbidsfertilisation by wind, or even, one may say, by accident.
Since that misty era, of course, cross-fertilisation has continued without ceasing, and the combinations are endless.
By 1830 the mechanism of fertilisation came to light in Amici's discovery of the pollen tube which he traced from the stigma to the micropyle.
His figures of the process of fertilisation are extremely interesting as they show how completely he was dominated by the theory of Schleiden to which allusion has already been made.
Interest in the structure of the ovule and the nature of fertilisation was widespread at the time Griffith worked.
The Loranthaceae was another family on which the development of the embryo-sac and the processes of fertilisation and development of the fruit interested Griffith specially.
Twenty-two years later (in 1831) he again returned to the Asclepiads and described and discussed the mode of pollination and fertilisation in this Order and also in that of the Orchids.
His views on reproduction were here, however, clear, since the development of the capsule was definitely related to the fertilisation of the pistilla (archegonia) by the substance formed in the anthers.
As the two polar cells are extruded and lost, and have no further part in the fertilisation of the ovum, we need not discuss them any further.
These ova that do not need fertilisation are called "false ova," pseudova or spores.
The splendid studies of Charles Darwin and Hermann Muller on the fertilisation of flowers by insects have given us very interesting particulars of this.
The fertilisationof the ovum by the spermatozoon (of a mammal).
The process of fertilisation by sexual conception consists, therefore, essentially in the coalescence and fusing together of two different cells.
Those who concerned themselves with flowers endeavoured to investigate their development and structure or the most minute phenomena connected with fertilisation and the formation of the embryo.
Thus his original interest in the fertilisation of flowers was evolutionary.
Every sexual differentiation in organisms, which occurred in the course of phylogenetic development, was followed by fertilisation and therefore by the creation of a diploid or double-chromosome product.
We may describe the objections which are based on the widespread occurrence of self-fertilisation and geitonogamy as of little importance.
This inference is corroborated by observations on the fertilisationof the sea-urchin egg with ox blood.
The analogous episematic use of the bright colours of flowers to attract insects for effecting cross-fertilisation and of fruits to attract vertebrates for effecting dispersal is very clearly explained in the "Origin".
There are essential differences in the manner in which fertilisation occurs.
Self-fertilisation is for the most part relatively and not absolutely injurious and always better than no fertilisation.
In effecting the fertilisation of the flower the moth is at the same time making provision for its own offspring, since it is only after fertilisationthat the seeds begin to develop.
On the whole, however, the results of geitonogamy show that the favourable effects of cross-fertilisation do not depend simply on the fact that the pollen of one flower is conveyed to the stigma of another.
The observations on Linaria and the investigations of the results of legitimate and illegitimate fertilisationin heterostyled plants were apparently the beginning of a long series of experiments.
By fertilisation proper we understand the joining of the male element, the spermatozoon or the spermia, with the female element, the egg.
It has long been known that the eggs of certain bees, lice, crayfishes, and other animals and also plants, are capable of development without fertilisation at all.
Maturation thus becomes a part of ontogeny itself; it is not with fertilisation that morphogenesis begins, there is a sort of ontogeny anterior to fertilisation.
It is from this phenomenon of nuclear union as the main character of fertilisation that almost all theories of heredity assume their right to regard the nuclei of the sexual cells as the true “seat” of inheritance.
It is questioned if cross-fertilisation has really the importance ascribed to it since the days of Darwin.
But fertilisation is more sure and effective if the pollen comes from a different individual--if there is "cross fertilisation.
If the humble-bee went first to the upper flowers of the spike and proceeded downwards, the whole economy of this plant to procure cross fertilisation would be upset.
Thus, if the insect or bird that assists in the fertilisation of the vanilla could be introduced into and would live in India, the growers of that plant would be relieved of much trouble, and it might be thoroughly naturalised.
The Effects of Cross and Self-Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom, 1876.
It is but another form of expressing the fertilisation of the earth by means of the rain which is engendered by the "strife of the elements.
Hence it may easily be inferred the Belisama of Ptolemy is a Latinised form of the British words which indicated that the Ribble water was the "liquor of the gods" furnished by Bel and Sama for the fertilisation of the earth.
By selection and cross-fertilisation an early-flowering race of Wallflowers has been obtained, and it is now possible to enjoy for many months of the year a fragrance which has hitherto been associated exclusively with spring.
Girou de Buzareingues crossed three varieties of gourd, which like the maize has separated sexes, and he asserts that their mutual fertilisation is by so much the less easy as their differences are greater.
Every hybridizer knows how unfavourable exposure to wet is to the fertilisation of a flower, yet what a multitude of flowers have their anthers and stigmas fully exposed to the weather!
I find from experiments that humble-bees are almost indispensable to the fertilisation of the heartsease (Viola tricolor), for other bees do not visit this flower.
Mueller, and Ogle as to the self-fertilisation of our cultivated peas.
Now fertilisation does not necessarily occur whenever the male organ comes in contact with the female organ.
But--if the two methods are combined, the chemical method and the mechanical method, then the protection against fertilisation may be regarded as almost absolute.
While myriads of sperm cells are destroyed even in the process of the act which does ensure fertilisation of the woman by the single favoured sperm.
Much interesting research has already been done on the growth of the young of various creatures without the ordinary fertilisation of the mother egg-cell.
What generally happens in marriage where this is not thought of is that one of the very earliest unions results in the fertilisation of the wife, so that the young pair have a baby nine months, or a little more, after marriage.
The above list will hopefully give you a few useful examples demonstrating the appropriate usage of "fertilisation" in a variety of sentences. We hope that you will now be able to make sentences using this word.
