As for the costal cartilages, they are, as a rule, ossified, and receive the name of inferior ribs (Fig.
The first costal cartilage is vertical; the following ones are progressively more oblique in a direction downwards and forwards.
In the bat, as in birds, the costal cartilages are ossified.
In the dog and cat the ribs are thick and almost cylindrical; the costal cartilages are thicker at the margin of the sternum than at their costal extremity.
The first nine costal cartilages articulate directly with the sternum.
The origin is from the entire external surface of the costal process of the sternum, and to a small extent from the extreme proximal ends of the thoracic ribs where they articulate with the costal process.
Consequently, this region differs from that of swallows; the area between the costal process and coracoid is not entirely bridged by muscle, and the space between the two skeletal elements is of a different shape and size.
That trunk swings posteriorly and leaves the thoracic cavity near the apex of the costal process, as shown in Fig.
The muscle converges and inserts on the apex of the costal process.
It seems that these differences have resulted, in pigeons, in the subclavian assuming a more anterior position with reference to the costal process.
The insertion is on the apex of the costal process, immediately anterior to the insertion of M.
The thoracic artery arises from the vessel next to the apex of the costal process, hence from the subclavian, between the axillary and carotid arteries.
The thoracic artery arises immediately opposite the apex of the costal process from the main artery in the area, as it does in swallows, except that in this case the adjacent artery from which it arises is the pectoral stem.
The origin is from the external, and to a slight extent from the internal, surface of the costal process.
This triangular muscle narrows and inserts on the posterior edge of the apex of the costal process.
In pigeons, the wing of the coracoid extends farther laterally than does the costal process, and the apex of the latter is displaced farther posteriorly than it is in swallows.
In passing from the origin on the sternum to the insertion on the humerus, the belly of the muscle bridges the angle formed by the costal process of the sternum and the coracoid.
This arrangement makes it necessary for the subclavian to leave the thoracic cavity dorsal to the costal process, although it does pass immediately anterior to that process.
The thoracic area seems to be most "efficiently" arranged when the thoracic artery arises opposite the apex of the costal process, from whatever main artery is closest to that site.
Between these two parts is at one time a gap, the spino-costal hiatus, and this is obliterated by the growth of the pleuro-peritoneal membrane, which may occasionally fail to close and so may form the site of a phrenic hernia.
Passing between the xiphoid and costalorigins in front are the superior epigastric arteries, while the other terminal branches of the internal mammaries, the musculo-phrenics, pass through between two costal origins.
It is, however, probable that there is a direct relation between the brain and the spinal nerve centres which control the costal and abdominal muscles independently of the respiratory centres of the medulla oblongata (vide fig.
In hemiplegia or paralysis of one half of the body, there is a difference between the two sides for ordinary automatic unconscious diaphragmatic breathing and voluntary or costal breathing.
The Satyrinae, including our native browns and the Alpine Erebiae, resemble the foregoing group in many respects of structure, but the sub-costal nervure is greatly thickened at the base (fig.
Noctuidae, but their wing-neuration is more specialized, the sub-costal nervure of the hindwing being confluent with the radial for the basal part of its course.
The highest specialization of structure in this group of the Lepidoptera is reached by the Syntomidae, a family nearly allied to the Arctiidae, but with the sub-costal nervure in the hindwing absent.
The Sesiidae are a large family of small, narrow-winged moths, the sub-costal nervure of the hindwing being absent and the wings being for the most part destitute of scales (fig.
The Gelechiidae are a large family with similar larval habits; the moths are distinguished by the sinuate termen of the hindwing and the connexion of its sub-costal nervure with the discoidal areolet.
The maxillae are well developed, the hindwing has a frenulum, and its sub-costal nervure touches the radial near the base.
In butterflies there is no frenulum, but a costal outgrowth of the hindwing subserves the same function.
The hindwing carries a frenulum and has its sub-costal nervure connected with the radial by a short bar.
The sub-costal nervure of the hindwing is usually present and distinct from the radial nervure.
Specimens may be obtained from any joint, from the costal cartilages of young animals, or from the thyroid cartilage and tracheal rings.
Cut through the costal cartilages to the right of the sternum, and through the junction of the manubrium and body of the sternum.
It also occurs in the matrix of the costal cartilages after middle life.
Anal areole of membrane extending farther proximad than the costal areole.
The costal vein apparently is continued around the hind margin of the wing; radius with at least four branches.
The costal vein is not produced beyond the tip of the wing; radius with not more than three branches.
Costal spine not distinct, or if present, insect otherwise different.
He opposed it to the costal breathing, which brings the lungs suddenly into action by movements of the chest and shoulders, and causes extreme fatigue.
Triangular openings on either side of middorsal line between proximal ends of costalplates and developing neural plates.
A similar process, the inguinal buttress, arises from the anterior part of each of the hypoplastral elements and meets the sixth costal on each side.
On the right side slight pleuritic adhesions existed between the convex surface of the lower lobe of the lung and the costal pleura, and firm adhesions between the anterior edge of the lower lobe, the pericardium and the diaphragm.
On the left side the lower lobe of the lung was bound behind to the costal pleura, above to the upper lobe, and below to the diaphragm by pretty firm pleuritic adhesions.
They had but slender costal attachments; but their spinal (small delicate tendons) were innumerable.
The two vertical or mid-Poupart lines are drawn from the point midway between the anterior superior spine and the pubic symphysis on each side vertically upward to the costal margin.
The ribs on the right side are indicated by Roman numerals; it will be observed that the eighth costal cartilage articulated with the sternum on both sides.
The latter, moreover, is usually made up of two or more strands; the catch, too, in the female is on the median instead of the costal nervure.
It should be noted, however, that the basal line is less distinct; the submarginal line is inwardly shaded with blackish, and there is no blackish spot at its costal extremity.
The bristle (frenulum) arising from the base of the hind wing is held in place by the catch (retinaculum) on the costal nervure of the fore wing.
The fore wings vary in colour, from pale reddish grey through bright reddish or pinkish brown to purplish brown; the costal mark may be whitish, ochreous, or pinkish tinged.
Ignoring the slight raising of the clavicle, this method may be called the mixed costal and diaphragmatic, for it consists mainly in expanding the ribs and in allowing the dome-shaped top of the diaphragm to descend toward the abdomen.
Usually it is spoken of as mixedcostal and diaphragmatic.
Poyet means the coordination of the three when he speaks of mixed costal and diaphragmatic breathing, and that Dr.
I have stated that there are three kinds of breathing--clavicular, costaland diaphragmatic; and these have been described.
If a full, pan-costal inspiration be taken after a complete expiration," writes Dr.
This play should be mixed, that is to say, costal and diaphragmatic.
Hall reports the case of a functionally active supernumerary mamma over the costalcartilage of the 8th rib.
In the median line, corresponding to the absence of sternum, was a longitudinal groove bounded on either side by a continuous hard ridge which articulated with the costal cartilages.
Such an injury would be rendered much more probable by the existence of old adhesions, connecting the pulmonary and costal pleuræ opposite to the site of injury.
Muscular power was perfect; reflexes normal; but the heat, cold and pain sense was lacking in the right leg and the right side of the body from the seventh costal cartilage downwards.
He is taught to acquire an inferior lateral costal expansion in inspiration.
The lateral branches detach themselves from the bone in front of the costal facets--they are very widely spread, and stretch more directly outwards than in the remainder of the species of the family.
The sternum is flat and very broad and short, with no coracoidal facets, a very small xiphisternal notch, broad and short costal processes, and widely divergent lateral processes; while there are only two costal articulations.
The lateral costal pieces of the eleventh to the sixteenth vertebrae inclusively, give attachment to very large and flat, triangular, processus uncinati.
The sternal costal elements are very broad and flat, and though the lateral ones are less so, they are wide and expanded.
The sixteenth vertebra supports a pair of free ribs that fail to meet the sternum, there being no costal ribs for them.
He then supposed that by reduction of the rib-bearer in other tetrapods (frogs and amniotes) the vertebrarterial foramen and costal foramen were brought together in a single foramen transversarium.
The above list will hopefully give you a few useful examples demonstrating the appropriate usage of "costal" in a variety of sentences. We hope that you will now be able to make sentences using this word.
