In such cases the statute of the chief town represented towards the subject communes the common law, to which there was an appeal from the separate municipal statutes where appeal to the Roman law was not stipulated.
Volterra, as has been already remarked, had, like all the larger communes of Tuscany, with the exception of Siena and Lucca, come under the supremacy of Florence.
Its commerce was extended and its influence over neighbouring communes strengthened either by treaty or by force of arms.
While the continual struggle between Church and Empire, communes and feudal lords, Guelphs and Ghibellines, was being waged, the statutes were framed.
Nor did thecommunes themselves raise any objection to these claims.
But, whereas the Italian communes showed great solicitude for the promotion of trade, they not only despised but often crushed agriculture.
Feudal law has little importance in the Italian statutes; but the political and social importance of feudalism in the history of our communes is immense.
It is certain that no real national history of Italy can be written until the statutes and laws of our communes have been published, studied, and thoroughly investigated by the light not merely of historical but of legal research.
Every controversy as to the origin of our communes started from inquiries into the condition of the Italians under the Longobard rule.
Our present purpose being merely to throw light on the history of the Florentine Constitution, we need not devote many words to the first period mentioned above--namely, of the origin of Italian communes in general.
Canon law undoubtedly plays a part in the history and formation of the communes that should not be overlooked, though by no means corresponding with the greatness of the political, social, and religious influence of the Church.
This system was completely established in the eleventh century, when the communes arose in Italy to combat and overthrow it.
Accordingly the eleventh century witnessed the arisal of communes throughout Italy, and the joy of independence once realised, it was impossible to return to a state of vassalage, whether under bishops, counts, or the Empire itself.
The communes may have represented an attempt to set up an organization which could function independently, even in the event of a governmental breakdown in wartime.
Soon after, the first communes were created, against the advise of Russian specialists.
In short, so far as the evidence goes at present, I am inclined to regard the probable condition of the undivided commune as being well represented now by what occurs when on certain occasions the modified divided communes reunite.
But the work of crushing the nobles of the contado and of asserting the city's position among rival communes continued.
This plan had in a great measure failed, owing to the poverty of the communes on whom the expense was thrown.
In the Louvain group ofcommunes 176 persons, men and women, old men and sucklings, rich and poor, in health and sickness, were shot or burned.
Full text of France's "Yellow Book" published in THE NEW YORK TIMES; postal notice announces that letters to twenty-one communes in Alsace need only ordinary stamps.
Many intentionalcommunes spring up, mushroom-fashion, and disappear with equal rapidity.
In 1663 the Council of State issued decrees prohibiting the practice of their religion by the Reformers in one hundred and forty-two communes in the dioceses of Nimes, Uzes, and Mendes; and ordering the demolition of their meetinghouses.
But this was not all: the next day it was printed and published, and copies sent to all the communes in the department over which the white flag still floated.
If the Empire conquers it will stamp those Communes flat, and take good care that the cities make no headway toward further resistance.
The Communes are fighting for their lives, and cornered wolves are fierce.
You know, for we have talked often of it, that the League of the Lombard cities is the great hope of the Communes in Italy.
You admit then that certain Communes might refuse their adhesion.
Communes have the right to subjugate a Commune, the disaffected one could always escape you by declaring that it no longer adheres to the social compact.
The rights of the Commune should have no other limit, but the equal rights of all other Communes adhering to the contract, an association which would assure the unity of France.
The mayors were appointed by the First Consul in communes of more than 5,000 souls: by the prefects in the smaller communes: all were alike responsible to the central power.
The whole of the nobility and a portion of the clergy retired; while the Deputies of the Communes remained quietly in their places.
Let us be correct; the Communesdid not obtain at once the audience that they demanded on account of the difficulties of the ceremonial.
On the 29th of May, the Communes had voted an address to the king on the constantly recurring difficulties that the nobility opposed to the union of the States General in one assembly.
Do not take the trouble to seek for it," replied the President hastily: "however slight the difference might be, the Communes will not suffer it.
President of the Communes was fulfilling the duties of his office, that he felt it requisite to give him an exoneration.
Bailly is named First Deputy of Paris; and soon after Dean or Senior of the Deputies of the Communes 169 Bailly becomes Mayor of Paris.
The communes of France, everywhere wearied and dissatisfied with popular clubs, would gladly have got rid of them, that they might no longer be under their control.
Antonelle, the president, had invited the communes of the department to take up arms against this anti-jacobin city.
There are many hundreds of communes that have been thus treated, and whose masters now are uneducated peasants.
There are many hundreds of communes that have been thus treated, and whose masters are now uneducated peasants.
In many cases this has been done, and I could point out to you several communes governed by the prefect's nominees who cannot read.
It was this period which produced the various books of Loci Communes Theologici.
We were at once admitted to Jamond, who was lying upon a couch.
But these special lessons went on secretly, for I was sure, if people knew how warmly I followed this recreation, they would set it down to wilful desire to be singular--or worse.
She put her hand pitifully on my head, then lifted up my chin.
In ten minutes I was dressed in a gown of hers, which last had been worn when she danced before King Louis.
I racked my brain for minutes, till the blood pounded at my temples.
Think: you may be discovered, and then the ruin that must come!
There is only one way in which Communism can be established equitably, only one way which satisfies our instincts of justice and is at the same time practical; namely, the system already adopted by the agrarian communes of Europe.
These communes would federate to constitute nations in some cases, even irrespectively of the present national frontiers (like the Cinque Ports, or the Hansa).
Have we not the example of the village communes redistributing fields and disturbing the owners of the allotments so little that one can only praise the intelligence and good sense of the methods they employ?
As soon as the communes of the tenth, eleventh, and twelfth centuries had succeeded in emancipating themselves from their lords, ecclesiastical or lay, their communal labour and communal consumption began to extend and develop rapidly.
Side by side with the revolutionized communes such places would remain in an expectant attitude, and would go on living on the Individualist system.
Already we have seen that Telemachus was capable of this high mood, which communes with deity and utters the decree from above.
The above list will hopefully give you a few useful examples demonstrating the appropriate usage of "communes" in a variety of sentences. We hope that you will now be able to make sentences using this word.
