Bitumen Jadaicum is a certain dry pitch which the dead sea, or lake of Sodom in India casts forth at certain times, the inhabitants thereabouts pitch their ships with it.
In its various forms, bitumen is one of the most widely distributed of substances.
To distinguish bitumen intermediate in consistency between asphalt and the more liquid kinds of crude petroleum, the term maltha (Latin) is frequently employed.
Herodotus alludes to the use of the bitumen brought down by the Is, a tributary of the Euphrates, as mortar in building the walls of Babylon.
For some purposes it is preferred to charcoal, in consequence of the bitumen it contains, which appears to contribute to the rapidity of the combustion.
The retinasphaltum, a combination of bitumen and earth, having a yellow colour, burns with a bright flame, and fragrant odour, which at last becomes bituminous.
It was an oleagenous process, mixed with bichromate of potash, or bitumen of Judea, and always smelt of bad fat.
Niepce obtained pictures in the camera-obscura upon metal plates coated with asphaltum, or bitumen of Judea.
P] The bitumen most suitable is that variously known as Syrian asphalt, Jew’s pitch and bitumen of Judea.
Before printing, the mask must be varnished with negative varnish, bitumen in benzol, or otherwise waterproofed, to prevent adhesion to the print layer.
Then, there was the Bitumen school, a group of artists who never painted anything but white sunlit houses with bitumen shadows.
The Persian word mumiya, meansbitumen or mineral pitch.
The ingredients thus employed were similar to the bitumen of Judea; most of them were gilded.
The bitumen wells near by have been worked for five thousand years and are responsible for the town being a centre of boat manufacture.
The smell of the boiling bitumen and the sulphur springs is trying to a stranger, although the natives regard it as salubrious, and maintain that through it the town is saved from cholera epidemics.
Fluid bitumen is seen to ooze from the bottom of the sea, on both sides of the island of Trinidad, and to rise up to the surface of the water.
Accompanying these threats, the actions indicated were symbolically performed by the exorciser on effigies of the witches made, in this case, of bitumen covered with pitch.
Parnapishtim carefully provides plugs to fill out all crevices, and furthermore smears a large quantity of bitumen without and within.
I have not seen the grave of Moses (south-east of the Red Sea), which is becoming known by the bitumen cups there sold to pilgrims.
Travellers have also found traces of the same use of bitumenin the ruins of Babylon.
Fragments of bitumen are everywhere to be picked up among the débris about these buildings, upon which it must have been used for mortar.
The lower course of bricks is set in a bed of bitumen which separates it from the earth and prevents any dampness passing either up or down.
At the feet of each statue there were two stone tablets, set in most cases in the bitumen with which the cavity was lined.
The presence of bitumen in the waters of Calah is due to the hot springs which rise in the bed of the brook Shor- derreh.
The water of the Tigris being muddy, and unpleasant to the taste, and the wells at Calah so charged with lime and bitumen as to render them unwholesome, Assur-nazir-pal supplied the city with water from the neighbouring Zab.
There are medicinal springs in the town, and deposits of liquid bitumen in the neighbouring hills.
These often consist of mixtures of bitumen with linseed and other oils, resins, &c.
Finally, the copper schists containing bitumen or sulphur are roasted, and then smelted with stones which easily fuse in a fire of the second order, and are made into cakes, on the top of which the slags float.
This easy reception of fire is a characteristic whichbitumen possesses in common with sulphur.
A certain amount of bitumendoes float ashore in the Dead Sea; the origin of it is, however, uncertain.
The water, bituminous as well as salty, at Babylon, as Pliny writes, was taken from the wells to the salt works and heated by the great heat of the sun, and condensed partly into liquid bitumen and partly into salt.
The bitumen being lighter, floats on the top, while the salt being heavier, sinks to the bottom.
Bitumen acts in the same way, in fact sometimes it consumes silver, which we may see in bituminous cadmia[4].
Bitumen was used by the Egyptians for embalming from pre-historic times, i.
A liquid bitumenprepared from the wood of Pinus sylvestris, and other species, by heat.
Extensive beds of stinkstone also occur, and many beds of limestone containing fluid bitumen in cavities.
Bing on the sensitiveness of coal oil--Bitumen plates.
The marine-glue gives the bitumen greater pliancy, and prevents it from scaling off when rubbed, particularly when the plate is retouched with a dry point.
All the surface is thus cleaned off, and the only bitumen which remains is that in the lines, which, though not deep, are sufficiently so to protect the substance from the rubbing of the charcoal.
So soon as the light has sufficiently acted, which may be seen by means of photometric bands equally transparent at the plate, all the bitumen not acted upon is dissolved.
A new method of making bitumen plates by contact has also been introduced into the topographical studios.
A plate of polished zinc is coated with bitumen in the usual way, and then exposed directly to the light under an original drawing, or even under a printed plan.
The plan, or the original drawing, is placed against a glass plate, coated with a mixture of bitumen and of marine-glue dissolved in benzine.
Clay and Bitumen 49 Perishable Character of the Monuments.
About ten lengths of pipe were laid per day by one gang of men, one jointer and his assistant making all the cement and bitumen joints as fast as the gang could lay the pipes.
Natural asphalt containing not less than 95 per cent bitumen was specified.
In laying, the pipes were adjusted end to end and the joint enclosed by a temporary steel ring inside which the bitumen seal, Fig.
I have a specimen of such a cavity, in which the bitumenis in sphericles, or rounded drops, immersed in the calcareous spar.
The strata of fossil coal are found in almost every intermediate state, as well as in those of bitumen and charcoal.
There are bitumen springs entering the river here, but they are not strong enough to render the water unfit for drinking.
At this place there were small bitumen works, these being the first signs of any modern industry which we had seen since leaving Bagdad.
The walls were built of burned bricks andbitumen lined with gypsum and other materials.
I had sent a party of Jebours to thebitumen springs, outside the walls to the east of the inclosure.
In an hour the bitumen was exhausted for the time, the dense smoke gradually died away, and the pale light of the moon again shone over the black slime pits.
With the tenacious mud of their alluvial plains, mixed with chopped straw, they made bricks, whilst bitumen and other substances collected from the immediate neighborhood furnished them with an excellent cement.
