The vaster a city is, the more likely is it to be constructed upon the site of its own grave, or, in other words, to occupy the broad valley of some important river beneath whose gravels it is destined to be buried.
It has also been found in river gravels at Grays, Ilford, and elsewhere, in the lower part of the river-border deposits of Amiens with flint implements, and in Quaternary deposits on the continent of Europe.
This deposit is considered by Mr. Prestwich to be equivalent to other high-level gravels of the Pleistocene period.
Abbott's Primitive Industry, published in 1881, is a useful manual for studying this collection; and an account of his discoveries in the glacial gravels is given in Reports of the Peabody Museum, vol.
He holds that the famous skull discovered in 1866, in the gold-bearing gravels of Calaveras county, belongs to the Pliocene age.
Abbott published his description of three rude implements which he had found some sixteen feet below the surface of the ground "in the gravels of a bluff overlooking the Delaware river.
Patches of Pliocene sands and clays along the Mediterranean coast, sheets of diluvial gravels below the mountains, and alluvial sands along the larger rivers represent the local and most recent effects of water and ice.
Lastly, some native silver is found in the Pliocene deposits of Almeria, and in the Tertiary clays of Guadalajara, while the later gravels of Galicia afford stream tin and gold, the last similarly occurring in Leon and Caceres.
They are not marine, they are interstratified with beds of sand and silt, containing often delicate fluviatile shells, which were deposited when the stream ran tranquilly, as the coarser gravels were when it ran with a stronger torrent.
There is ample ground for the belief that these gravels are of Pliocene age, but the presence of objects of human formation invests them with a higher interest to the anthropologist than even to the geologist.
The present gold-mining is carried on mainly by shafts and tunnels driven through superficial gravels and sheets of basalts and tuffs, to the gravels of the pre-glacial rivers, which are brought down in great masses by hydraulic jets.
Mr. Abbott was the first to discover such implements of the usual palaeolithic type in Quaternary gravels of the river Delaware, near Trenton in New Jersey, and since then they have been frequently found, as described by Dr.
In Placer county stone platters and dishes have been found in auriferous gravels from 10 to 20 feet below the surface.
The diamond is here found in ancient sandstones and conglomerates, and in the rivergravels and sands derived from them.
The production of pebbles from the gravels of Wilts, or of a specimen gatepost or millstone would at once settle this question.
It has even been stated that the gravels of the district contain small pebbles composed of rock similar to these mysterious Foreign Stones.
These large fragments not only abound at St. Acheul in both the higher and lower level gravels at Amiens, and at the higher level at Abbeville, but they are also traced far up the valley wherever the old diluvium occurs.
These spear-headed implements have been found in greater number, proportionally to the oval ones, in the upper level gravel at St. Acheul, than in any of the lower gravels in the valley of the Somme.
The London Basin occupies a triangular depression in the Chalk which is filled up with clays and gravels of Tertiary and later age.
Even some portion of the palaeolithic age, and of the more recentgravels and cave-earths may come into the same general period if they were formed when the glacial epoch was passing away.
Most of the sapphires found in the river gravelsnear Helena, Mont.
Brazil, from its prolific gem gravels at Minas Novas, supplies good almandite, and smaller quantities are found in many different localities.
Spinels are found along with ruby in Burmah and in Siam and they also occur in the gemgravels of Ceylon.
Limestone is the usual matrix of spinel, although it is more often mined in gravels resulting from the weathering of the matrix.
The sand dune, modified by rains and finally leveled to a plain, presents, in section, no such appearance as the sands that overlie the gravels of glacial origin.
The American continent is not without its relics of ancient man, the most famous of which is the Calaveras skull, found in 1886 in the auriferous gravels of Calaveras County, California, at an extraordinary depth.
The most important early find of ancient implements was made by Boucher de Perthes in 1841 and subsequently, in the high level gravels of the valley of the Somme, in Picardy, France.
Boucher de Perthes, the first and most exhaustive investigator of these deposits, has always been of opinion that the drift-gravels of France were deposited by violent cataclysms.
The diamond-bearing gravels of South Africa extend to within twenty-two degrees of the equator.
These legends may be explained by the fact that in the Ural Mountains, on the east of Europe, in South America, in South Africa, and in other localities, the Drift gravels contain gold and precious stones.
Gravels deficient in bonding material are often encountered in deposits where there is insufficient overburden to give enough additional binder or where the overburden is of a material unsuitable for binder.
Table 7 shows the results of a number of tests made upon gravels and indicates that the cementing property of the gravel does not always depend upon the clay content.
Where gravels deficient in binder are utilized, clay for binder is sometimes added as the gravel is placed on the road.
The exact thickness needed for any particular road is a matter for special study on account of the variations in the gravels and in the supporting power of the soil upon which they are placed.
Without irrigation, the highest adaptation, all things considered, is found in Washington and Oregon, west of the Cascades, except where shallow soils lying on gravels exist.
But it will also grow well on sandy soils and even on gravelswhen a reasonable amount of moisture is present.
Haynes has recently observed, “The palæolithic man of the river gravels at Trenton and his argillite-using posterity the writer believes to be completely extinct.
The bones of the animal and the bones and weapons of the man lie side by side, deep down in the gravels deposited by the floods from the melting ice-sheet.
We have underneath the lava flow of California the gravel beds of rivers far antedating the gravels of the Somme.
We must deny either the age of the gravels themselves or that the objects of human handiwork were found as claimed, or else that they are of the same age as the gravels.
We need not give in detail his arguments, but he reaches the conclusion that the auriferous gravels of the Pacific slope represent the whole of the Tertiary Age.
We have the Paleolithic Age of Europe, represented by the remains found in the gravels of the Delaware at Trenton, New Jersey.
LeConte thinks, from the nature of the gravels and the peculiar circumstances which surround them, that they are not older than the close of the Pliocene Age.
The age of these gravels is, therefore, pronounced to be Pliocene.
In 1847 he published his great work on this subject, giving over sixteen hundred cuts of the various articles he had found, claiming that they were proof positive of the presence of man when the gravels were depositing.
On our Western Continent we have the mysterious remains in the gold-bearing gravels of the Pacific coast, the significance of which is yet in dispute.
But as we are considering the question of Pliocene man, it makes but little difference if the gravels do belong to the very close of that period.
We have seen that in the ancient gravels of European rivers archaeologists have found the materials wherewith to build a fascinating story of man's appearance in Quaternary times.
Whitney that he finds many proofs of the existence of man in the gravels of the Pliocene Age in California.
These old river gravels are found to be very rich in gold, and miners have tunneled into them in numerous places in search of the valuable metal.
Belgrand has shown that in the lowest gravels of this deposit the long-headed Canstadt man is alone found.
If they left any remains we should find these in caverns or rock shelters, or in the old gravels belonging to this period which here and there project through the alluvial plain.
If the earliest men were those of the river gravels and caves, men of the mammoth age or of the palaeolithic or palaeocosmic period, we can form some definite ideas as to their possible antiquity.
The veteran explorer of the Belgian caves addresses himself in this paper to a careful comparison of the geological relations, animal remains and human relics in these caves, and in the gravels and 'quaternary' clays associated with them.
These gravels were indeed, in early Egyptian times, so consolidated that tombs were excavated in them.
This was the age of those early palaeolithic or palaeocosmic men whose remains are found in the caverns and gravels of Europe and Asia.
I do not refer here to the finds of skulls and implements in the auriferous gravels of Western America.
From ordinary stream gravels, the kame gravels are distinguished by the form of their pebbles, which are generally faceted and in some cases striated.
The littoral and shoal water deposits are mainly gravels and sands, while the offshore deposits are principally muds or lime deposits.
Stratified sands { and gravels with “worked over” { glacial characters.
Near the source of a river, coarse river gravels may be found; in the middle course the finer silts; and in the mouth or delta region, where the deposits enter the sea or a lake, there is found an assortment of silts and clays.
Glacial Gravels of Maine and their Associated Deposits, Mon.
After the Irish chalk had been worn into rolling downs, on which flint-gravels gathered, the great epoch of volcanic activity opened, which was destined to change the character of the whole north-west European area.
In the interior these remains are found imbedded in thick strata of pure blue ice, which is covered by the river gravels of streams that do not now exist.
At length, during the latter part of the day, they reached the bank of a dry creek which disclosed strata similar to the auriferous gravels of California.
Many interesting remains of animals have been found in the gravels under this mountain.
The other view to which I have alluded takes little or no account of river-erosion, but maintains that the floods of the Ice Age were sufficiently great to reach the highest levels at which river-gravels and loams occur.
Immense accumulations of coarse gravels are widely spread over all the valleys that head in regions which were formerly the sites of snow-fields and glaciers.
The lower gravels rest on ground-moraine, and the upper gravels are overlaid by sheets of the same kind of glacial detritus.
That they are not of post-glacial age is shown by the fact that in many places the angular gravels and flood-loams of the Glacial period overlie them.
These gravels could not possibly have been deposited by the present rivers, for they are found capping the hills at a height of more than eighty feet above the sources of the streams.
These gravels are exactly comparable to the interglacial gravels of the Sonthofen sections.
With them, as with the older moraines, fluvio-glacial gravels are associated.
When any considerable thickness of the older Areniferous gravels has been preserved, the base of the Turbiferous series is smooth or only gently undulating.
On the Mollusca of the Pleistocene Gravels in the neighbourhood of Cambridge," by Mrs McKenny Hughes.
The appearances and reappearances of the different kinds of deer is a very interesting question, but it will be more easily treated when I come to speak of the Gravels of East Anglia.
The Bison is the characteristic ox of the Gravels and never occurs in the Fen Beds; while the Urus, as I have pointed out above, occurs in both the Turbiferous and Areniferous deposits.
The heavier and coarser have been left along the shores, as the gravels which fill the old estuaries of the east of England.
From thesegravels we can judge of the larger animals which dwelt in that old world.
The study of the different gravels is most intricate--almost a special science in itself--in which but two or three men are adepts.
The above list will hopefully give you a few useful examples demonstrating the appropriate usage of "gravels" in a variety of sentences. We hope that you will now be able to make sentences using this word.
