Note: It may consist of a single vertebra or of several more or less consolidated.
A well-developed vertebra usually consists of a more or less cylindrical and solid body, or centrum, which is surmounted dorsally by an arch, leaving an opening which forms a part of the canal containing the spinal cord.
Whereas in Mammals (as in the case of Amphibia) the connection between the skull and the first neck vertebra is formed by two knobbed joints, or condyles, in Birds and Reptiles those have become united into a single condyle.
Wing membrane from base of toes; lobule at the heel very narrow and long; last rudimentary caudal vertebra free; fur of the body, wings, and interfemoral membrane pale buff throughout.
Odontoid process of second vertebra in the form of a crescent, hollow above.
Odontoid process of second vertebra semi-cylindrical; skull with a sagittal crest; and the condyle of the lower jaw rounded.
The odontoid process of the second vertebra is pig-like: and the tibia and fibula and radius and ulna are severally distinct.
It may consist of a singlevertebra or of several more or less consolidated.
There was fracture of the 4th dorsal vertebra at the transverse processes.
It was cut down upon and removed, and proved to be the spinous process of the vertebra of a hare.
It is quite common to see the first lumbar vertebra presenting certain characteristics of the dorsal.
Footnote 14: The seventh vertebra colli was fractured, and the medulla spinalis passing through it, was lacerated and compressed.
Footnote 15: The spinal marrow, within the canal of the sixth vertebra dorsi, was completely destroyed by a musket ball.
These several differences in this vertebra seem to me well deserving attention.
On the dorsal surface of the sixth cervical vertebra in Cochins three prominent points are more strongly developed than in the corresponding vertebra of the Game-fowl or G.
In the twelfth cervical vertebra of this same Call-duck (fig.
We also see that an additional dorsal vertebra bearing a rib is occasionally developed, the number of the cervical and lumbar vertebræ apparently remaining the same as usual.
No one will say, for instance, that the occipital foramen, or the atlas, or the third cervical vertebra is a part of slight importance.
Apparently some differences are more common in certain breeds than in others,--as an additional rib to the fourteenth cervical vertebra in Hamburghs and Games, and the breadth of the end of the pubic bone in Cochins.
Each vertebra has an opening through its center, and the separate bones so rest, one upon another, that these openings form a continuous canal from the head to the lower part of the spine.
This vertebra consists of a ring of bone, having two cup-like sockets into which fit two bony projections arising on either side of the great opening (foramen magnum) in the occipital bone.
Each vertebra consists of a body, the solid central portion, and a number of projections called processes.
In the Castellet Cave, a human vertebra contained the weapon which had pierced it, but when the bone was touched the arrow-head broke off.
Baye picked up some human vertebra pierced with flints, the points of which were still imbedded in the bones.
On this necklace hung a round piece of human cranium, and in the Gallic cemetery at Varille, the exterior lamina of a human lumbar vertebra was fastened to a necklace made of coral beads.
The Abbe Ducrost found a flint arrow-head sticking in a vertebraof a horse.
The fine collection in the University of Lund, contains a vertebra of a urns pierced by an arrow, and the Copenhagen Museum, the jaw of a stag pierced by a fragment of flint.
The spinous process of the lower dorsal vertebra seemed to be unusually prominent, leading to the supposition that the spinous process of the upper lumbar vertebra might be fractured and depressed.
The fifth dorsal vertebra was sufficiently prominent to indicate the sight where the attack was being made by the enemy.
In the Asterospondyli or ordinary sharks eachvertebra has its calcareous lamella radiating star-like from the central axis.
Those sharks of this group with one ring of calcareous matter in each vertebra constitute the most primitive extreme of a group representing continuous evolution.
Each vertebra consists of a double concave body or centrum (66).
In the sharks the shoulder-girdle is attached, not to the skull, but to a vertebra at some distance behind it, leaving a distinct neck, such as is possessed or retained by the vertebrate higher than fishes.
On the attachments of the Urodele rib to the vertebra and their homologies with the capitulum and tuberculum of the Amniote rib.
Thus, if we suppose a neuralgia to depend on morbid action within the spinal cord, then we may galvanize the spine, taking care to make the current come out through any vertebra over which we detect tenderness.
And similarly, I have seen an acutely sensitive condition of the neck of the bladder greatly soothed by the passage of a current from a painful lumbar vertebra to the perinaeum immediately behind the scrotum.
In the trunk the skin and part of the muscles have been removed, so that the cartilaginous vertebral column is free; the dorsal root of a spinal nerve goes out from each vertebra (towards the skin of the back).
Each vertebra is directly connected with a special section of the muscular system, the nervous system, the vascular system, etc.
The first segment, which is almost half-way down in the embryonic shield of the amniote, is the foremost of all; from this first somite is formed the first cervical vertebra with its muscles and skeletal parts.
My cervical vertebra is less sore and have little pain; and altogether feel very much better.
I examined the spine, and to the left of the vertebra about two inches I found a very tender spot (spinal hyperaemia).
The 9th vertebra has long flat wing-like processes attached to which are the ilia of the pelvic girdle.
Remove and examine the 9th vertebra or sacrum, and note that the centrum is slightly convex on the anterior surface.
Remove and examine the 8th vertebra and note that the centrum is opisthocœlous.
The urostyle is attached to the 9th vertebra by two facets.
The vertebra which protruded gradually rotted off, and in six weeks the animal was crawling about the decks with its fore feet.
By accident it was crushed, and received such injury that the backbone was divided at the loins, and the vertebra of the upper part protruded an inch outside of its skin.
The maximum point of tenderness indicates the vertebramost implicated.
In a few cases a rudimentary wedge-shaped vertebra has been revealed by the X-rays.
The upper fragment with the segment of the spine above it is displaced downwards and forwards, and the cord is crushed between the posterior edge of the broken body and the arch of the vertebra above it (Fig.
The spinous process which forms the apex of the projection belongs to the vertebra above the one that is crushed.
Similar clinical features to those of cervical rib may be caused by a prominent transverse process of the first thoracic vertebra and similarly got rid of by its removal.
The twelfth thoracic vertebra may be recognised by tracing back to it the last rib.
The articular process of the upper vertebra passes forward, so that it comes to lie in front of the one below.
Flexion is accompanied by compression of the intervertebral discs, and by a slight forward movement of each vertebra on the one below it.
The obliquity of the nerves gradually increases, till in the lower part of the canal--from the second lumbar vertebra onward--they run parallel with the filum terminale and together constitute the cauda equina.
The seventh cervical vertebrapresents a conical metapophysis, which on the first thoracic vertebra forms of a rather thick, long, declining process ending in a facet for the tubercle of the first rib.
The fifth thoracic vertebra has no facet on the centrum for the head of the sixth rib, but the latter articulates with a small facet on the side of the centrum of the sixth thoracic vertebra.
The centra increase in length posteriorly, the last lumbar having the greatest length of any vertebra in the column.
They are last traceable on the eighth or ninth caudal (vertebra 35 or 36).
It thus resembles the same vertebra in semijunctus.
The spine disappears on the tenth caudal (vertebra 37).
On the centrum of this vertebra lower down is a second much larger rugose articular facet.
The transverse process of the ninth thoracic vertebra is similar to the preceding one, but broader and not bent upward anteriorly.
And it might still be that the injury to the spine was not grave--though, here again, the fracturing of the fourth vertebra was ominous.
Bessy, in falling, must have struck on the back of her head and shoulders, and it was but too probable that the fractured vertebra had caused a bruise if not a lesion of the spinal cord.
The last dorsal, together with the first and second lumbar vertebra and the twelfth rib, were then removed from the body for more thorough examination.
The cancellated tissue of the body of the first lumbar vertebra was very much comminuted, and the fragments somewhat displaced.
When this examination was made, it was found that the bullet had penetrated the first lumbar vertebra in the upper part of the right side of the body.
Thence as far backward as the body of the first lumbar vertebra the track was filled with coagulated blood, which extended on the left into an irregular space rent in the adjoining adipose tissue behind the peritoneum and above the pancreas.
Others extended through the first lumbar vertebra into the intervertebral cartilage, between it and the second lumbar vertebra.
A number of minute fragments from the fractured lumbar vertebra had been driven into the adjacent soft parts.
The above list will hopefully give you a few useful examples demonstrating the appropriate usage of "vertebra" in a variety of sentences. We hope that you will now be able to make sentences using this word.
