The volume of water that passes this way receives at first only small additions of precipitation; the air is so dry and warm in this region that the salinity on the surface rises to over 37 per mille.
These various conditions give the explanation of the distribution of salinity and temperature that is seen in the chart.
On the chart of currents we have indicated some of these eddies from the observations of the distribution of salinity and temperature made by the Fram Expedition.
It is also clearly seen when we draw the curves of distribution of salinityand temperature at the different stations, as we have done in the two diagrams for Stations 32 and 60 (Fig.
Lines connecting points with the same salinity (isohalins) are drawn unbroken, and, in addition, salinities above 35 per mille are shown by shading.
These water samples were put into small bottles, which were afterwards sent to Bergen, where the salinity of each sample was determined.
In this region falls of rain occur, heavy enough to decrease the surface salinity again.
The salinity differs considerably in different ponds, although the fauna seems to be identical; the water of one pond was found to contain 22.
The salinity of the water differs greatly at different places and in different seasons, and at some places there is an arrangement to keep out sea-water while the rice-fields are being irrigated.
Of the three great oceans, the Atlantic, with a salinity of 3.
In the equatorial calm region the frequent rainfall diminishes salinity and density through the dilution of the salt water.
The salinity is affected by the degree of evaporation and by the frequency of rainfall, and is now recognized as an important factor in the biologic conditions of the sea.
As the salinity of the sea water is an index of its density, changes in the former naturally affect the latter.
The salinity has been found generally to decrease in the neighborhood of coasts, where rivers discharge their water into the sea, and it is a maximum in the trade zones, and a minimum in the equatorial rain belt.
The salinity and density of sea water have been investigated very thoroughly, particularly in the Atlantic.
South of the belt salinity falls quickly as latitude increases, while to the north of it, in the monsoon region, the surface water is very fresh off the African coast and to the north-east.
Little is known with certainty about the distribution of salinity in the depths, the number of trustworthy observations available being still very small.
The saltest surface water is found in (a) the Arabian Sea and (b) along a belt extending from West Australia to South Africa, the highest salinity in this belt occurring at the Australian end.
I was busily engaged with my examination of the salinity of the sea-water this afternoon when Mogstad stuck his head in at the door and said that a bear must be prowling about in the neighborhood.
As soon as ice is formed in this temperature the frost forces it to throw out its salinity on the surface, and this itself freezes into pretty salt flowers, resembling hoar-frost.
Just as temperature and salinity are the chief agents of oceanic circulation and current movements, so they are the leading factors in promoting the organic life of the sea.
If this great lake is a cut-off arm of the sea, with no outlet, how do we explain the fact that its salinity is much less than that of the ocean?
According to all modern observation the rivers show no salinity detectable by taste above Antioch and certainly not above Rio Vista.
The latter carried a little water, which was quite salty due to the great salinity of the land.
The increasing salinity of the oceans may have been another factor in producing secular progression, although of slight importance in respect to oscillations.
At present the salinity of the oceans checks the general deep-sea circulation and thereby increases the contrasts from zone to zone.
Increased salinity means a lower freezing temperature of the oceans and hence would have an effect during cold periods such as the present and the Pleistocene ice age.
Increased salinity slows up the deep-sea circulation, as we shall see in a later chapter.
Second, those which arise from the salinity of oceans, and third, those depending on the composition and amount of atmosphere.
According to Kruemmel and Mill,[103] the surface salinity of the subtropical belt of the North Atlantic commonly exceeds 3.
While the oceans were still growing in volume, it is generally assumed that they must have been almost fresh for a vast period, although Chamberlin thinks that the change in salinity has been much less than is usually supposed.
Yet it seems clear that an increase in salinity must have a slight effect upon climate.
The other oceans are slightly less saline than the North Atlantic at all depths, but the vertical salinity gradients along the tropics are similar.
Changes in the composition and amount of the atmosphere have presumably had a climatic importance greater than that of changes in the salinity of the oceans.
Hence the relatively low salinity of the oceans in the past probably had a tendency to increase the amount of water vapor in the air.
In fact thesalinity of the Caspian is only three-eights of that of the ocean.
In the middle section the salinityof the surface layers increases to 0.
The salinity of the surface water of the southern section of the Caspian averages 1.
In the northern section, which receives the copious volumes brought down by the Volga, Ural and Terek, the salinity is so slight (only 0.
The lesson is that we must now examine all future census and distribution data with trends in sea-surface temperature and salinity in mind as two of several likely factors influencing them.
The influence of temperature and salinity on the survival and growth of the larva.
They may be divided according to their origin and salinity as follows:-- (a) Ocean water of 35 pro mille salinityor more.
Our knowledge of the salinity of waters below the surface is as yet very defective, large areas being still unrepresented by a single observation.
The chief facts already established are the greater saltness of the North Atlantic compared with the South Atlantic at all depths, and the low salinity at all depths in the eastern equatorial region, off the Gulf of Guinea.
In the higher latitudes of the South Atlantic the salinity diminishes steadily and tends to be uniform from east to west, except near the southern extremity of South America, where the surface waters are very fresh.
In the equatorial region between these belts the salinity is markedly less, especially in the eastern part.
The western supply comes from two sources, one of which, the more important, is the relatively salt and warm water of the Bay of Biscay, which enters from the south-west and has a salinity sometimes reaching 35.
Irish Channel, and is colder and has a salinity of 35.
The salinity of the English Channel undergoes an annual change, being highest in winter and spring and lowest in summer, and this change is better marked in the eastern area, where the mean deviation from the annual mean reaches 0.
Medium salinity of the water seems to be most favourable to their development in masses, although it is not unknown in seas of high and low salinity (see note C).
The very salinity which groups them with the sea points to an arid climate that forever deprives them of the densely populated coasts characteristic of most enclosed seas, and hence reduces their historical importance.
Water of less salinityflows outwards from the Black Sea as an upper current, and water of greater salinity from the Sea of Marmora flows into the Black Sea as an under-current.
Observations in temperature and salinity have only been taken during summer.
Its salinity is comparable to that of the eastern basin of the Mediterranean, which is greater than that of the Black Sea, viz.
During summer the surface salinityof the Black Sea is from 1.
Like the adult, the germ also requires a certain amount of heat, oxygen, and, when it grows up in the sea, salinity in the medium.
The above list will hopefully give you a few useful examples demonstrating the appropriate usage of "salinity" in a variety of sentences. We hope that you will now be able to make sentences using this word.
