In Latin the cardinal is duo, and the ordinal secundus, a gerund of sequor, and meaning the following.
The gerund is like the participle in form, and like a noun in use.
The possessive preceding thegerund will be considered under the possessive of pronouns (Sec.
Both types of sentences are found; both are gerunds; sometimes the gerund has the possessive form before it, sometimes it has the objective.
The participle has been called an adjectival verbal; the gerund may be called a noun verbal.
That is, should the possessive case of a noun or pronoun always be used with the gerund to indicate the active agent?
In the Latin poets (who in this followed the Greeks) we find adjectives and participles followed by the genitive case and the gerund in di.
The Latin poets having taken this license, then proceeded a step further, and substituted the infinitive mood for the gerund in di.
Avoid the use of the gerund in this case (leyes reglamentando) which is a very common error in Spanish.
Pronouns used as the double or conjunctive object, regularly precede the verb, but they follow the gerund and certain other forms.
When a reflexive gerund expresses an additional detail or circumstance it is best translated by the passive form in English.
The History of the Famous Preacher, Friar Gerundde Campazas, otherwise Gerund Zotes.
A gerund in Latin is a simple form of the verb in the active voice, never found in the nominative, and never in the accusative (objective) after a verb.
One night in the second week of June, when Butsey White had gone to a festal spread in Cheyenne Baxter's rooms, Dink sat cheerlessly over the Latin page, seeing neither gerund nor gerundive.
The Gutter Pup rose, translated fluently and, with his eyes on Dink's admonitory ears, grappled with the gerund and threw the gerundive.
Top of page, third word, Channing--gerund or gerundive?
For three days more the lover of the gerund and the gerundive sought to localize and detect the sources of information without avail.
Adam and others suppose "the gerundin English" to become a "substantive," or noun?
Nor does the Latin gerund often govern the genitive like a noun, or ever stand as the direct object of a transitive verb, except in some few doubtful instances about which the grammarians dispute.
The following example has been quoted by Seyer, as a proof that the gerund may govern the genitive of the agent: "Cujus autem in dicendo aliquid reprehensum est--Cic.
Is it agreed among grammarians, that the Latin gerund may govern the genitive of the agent?
But sometimes we find the gerund taken substantively and made to govern the genitive.
The gerund in Latin most commonly governs the case of its own verb, as does the active participle, both in Latin and English: as, "Efferor studio patres vestros videndi.
In the Latin gerund thus defined, there is an appearance of ancient classical authority for that "amphibious species" of words of which so much notice has already been taken.
May the gerund be correctly used without any grammatical connection to the rest of the sentence?
The gerund is often used as the object of a preposition, and frequently has a noun or pronoun modifier.
Owing to confusion between the gerund and the participle, and to the failure to realize that the gerund can only be used substantively, the objective case of a modifying noun or pronoun is often wrongly used before the gerund.
A substantive used with the gerund should always be in the possessive case.
As the object of a preposition is a participle or gerund used?
Gerunds, explanation of; confusion with participle; with noun or pronoun modifier; placing of gerund phrase.
Exception: When thegerund phrase denotes a general action, it may be used without grammatical connection to the sentence; as, In traveling, good drinking water is essential.
The Gerundive is a verbal adjective and must be used instead of gerund + object excepting in the genitive and in the ablative without a preposition.
The Gerund is a verbal noun and is used only in the genitive, dative, accusative, and ablative singular.
Special attention has been given to the constructions of participles, the gerund and gerundive, and the infinitive in indirect statements.
There remain still to be learned the forms of the Subjunctive Mood, the Participles, and the Gerund of the regular verb, and the conjugation of the commoner irregular verbs.
Footnote 2: The gerund is the neuter singular of the future passive participle used as a noun, and has the same formation.
Like the infinitive, the gerundgoverns the same case as the verb from which it is derived.
We observe (1) That the gerund is a noun and the gerundive an adjective.
The gerundive is a verbal adjective and must be used instead ofgerund + object, excepting in the genitive and in the ablative without a preposition.
Hence, to decline in Latin the verbal noun overcoming, we should use the infinitive for the nominative and the gerund for the other cases, as follows: Nom.
In short expressions, however, the gerundand gerundive of purpose are rather more common.
The Gerund is simply the dative case of the Infinitive after #tô#.
Footnote 9: This is not the place to discuss the Gerundin Mn.
The ablative of the gerundive construction or gerund denotes means, less often cause, rarely manner and circumstances, or time, or respect.
In the ablative a transitive gerund with a substantive object is not uncommon.
And regularly with the gerund and gerundive construction (2243).
The dative of the gerund is used chiefly by old and late writers, and is confined in the best prose to a few special phrases.
The gerund is a neuter verbal substantive, used only in the oblique cases of the singular.
With adjectives, the gerundive construction is not found in Plautus and Terence, and the gerund not in Plautus.
The accusative of the gerundive construction or gerundis used with a preposition, usually #ad#.
The gerund expresses, in a substantive form, the uncompleted action of a verb which has no direct object.
In the dative, a transitive gerund with an object in the accusative is found four times in Plautus; in Ovid, Livy, and Vitruvius once each.
The gerundis like the oblique cases of the neuter singular.
A noun or pronoun linked with a gerund should be in the possessive case whenever the use of the objective case might cause confusion.
Gerund phrases and a few elliptical sentences are included in the list.
As a rule, only the Genitive of the Gerundand the Ablative (without a preposition) admit a Direct Object.
This consists in putting the Direct Object in the case of the Gerund (Gen.
Instead of the Genitive or Ablative of the Gerund with a Direct Object, another construction may be, and very often is, used.
As a verbal noun the Gerund admits noun constructions as follows:-- 1.
Or Earle may have had in view passages in which the gerund of transitive verbs with est govern an object.
The critic's gerund may be described as "inconformable" because it resists attraction--remains a gerund and does not become a gerundive.
He writes Omneis at length, and quicquid, and hisgerund is most inconformable.
The gerund retained only the ablative case, the use of which was considerably extended: see above.
But if the accent be on the last syllable of such a verb, its gerund will not suffer such an elision.
When there are two verbs in the same sentence, the first will (62 be in the gerund form and the other will be in the tense that is required by the sense of the sentence; e.
The particle mo placed after the gerund in Do, whether it ends in te or de, means 'although'; e.
The gerund in Di is the present or future indicative followed by the particle jibun, or less frequently some other particle meaning 'time'; e.
The gerund in Do when added to verbs of asking, giving, or doing, means that one is asking to know or to acquire the thing which is indicated by the verb to which it is added; e.
The same meaning is obtained by aguru ni fatto ga aru 'there is a law about offering,' unless this should be considered a gerund in ni [Di].
They also use the negative gerund in Do to obtain the meaning of 'if not'; e.
Its gerundin Do is cuite 'by mourning,' its negative root is cuizu, and its negative present is cuinu.
The gerund in Dum is formed by adding the particles tame or tote to the present or future indicative; e.
If the substantive verb is placed after the gerund in Do for all the affirmative and negative conjugations, it means that the action signified by the gerund is or is not done; e.
The gerund in Do is formed by placing ni after the negative root or the negative present tense; e.
The negative gerund in Di is the same as the negative present or future; e.
The other verbs will be in the root form, while still others will be in the gerund in e form; e.
The above list will hopefully give you a few useful examples demonstrating the appropriate usage of "gerund" in a variety of sentences. We hope that you will now be able to make sentences using this word.
