From the physiological point of view it is perfectly clear that Cobra-venom especially affects the bulbar centres, and particularly the nuclei of origin of the pneumogastric nerve.
With a longer delay than this, death is inevitable, since the bulbar centres are already affected, and paralysis of the respiratory muscles commences to appear.
Death is always preceded by a period of asphyxia, indicating that the bulbar nuclei of the pneumogastric nerve have become affected.
Nor was the bulbar hemorrhage unique, for there were a number of superficial punctate hemorrhages.
Mott, for example, found not only minute hemorrhages, but in one instance a bulbar extravasation of moderate massiveness, the patient not showing external signs of injury.
As a result of explosives set off close to these animals, pulmonary apoplexy, spinal cord and root hemorrhages, and extravasations, perivascular and ependymal, and into the cortical and bulbar gray were found.
There were remains of epistaxis and blood in the right ear, not proved to be due to otorrhagia; blue-black ecchymoses of both eyelids; and small ecchymoses of the bulbar conjunctiva of the right eye.
There was a discoloration also of the bulbar swelling of the hair.
A pressure-myelitis of the lumbar portion of the cord causes paralysis of the bowel, and in the later stage of some cases of bulbar paralysis it also occurs.
The larynx, lips, tongue, and pharynx also, are usually paralyzed in esophageal paralysis of bulbar origin.
Consequently a destruction of this region of the brain or the fibres which proceed from it to the lower executive bulbar and spinal centres is followed by paralysis of the muscles of the opposite side.
In our view, however, they are simply spasms provoked by irritation on the centrifugal path of a reflex bulbar arc.
The appropriate movements constitute the spontaneous reaction to afferent impulses; they are simple bulbar reflexes.
We exclude all simple bulbar or spinal reflexes, and all spasms, since the cardinal feature in these conditions is the absence of any functional systematisation.
But a day comes when the formation of cortico-bulbar or cortico-spinal anastomoses renders possible the interaction of higher and lower centres; respiration may be made quicker or slower; the eyelid may be closed less rapidly, more often.
Cortical or subcortical excitation, however, as well as peripheral stimuli, may provoke these bulbar and spinal centres to activity.
The sole conclusion to draw from the incident is the all-important rôle played by the bulbar centres in the production of convulsive movements, which are in such circumstances, of course, nought else than spasms.
Conjugate deviation of the head and eyes may be of bulbar origin; certain spinal movements even may be no less co-ordinated and automatic.
The above list will hopefully give you a few useful examples demonstrating the appropriate usage of "bulbar" in a variety of sentences. We hope that you will now be able to make sentences using this word.
