OH, in which the residual valencies of the carbon atom are attached toalkyl groups.
By reacting with a zinc alkyl (methyl or ethyl) on an acid chloride, an addition compound is first formed, which decomposes with water to give a ketone.
They combine readily with thealkyl iodides to form alkyl acridinium iodides, which are readily transformed by the action of alkaline potassium ferricyanide to N-alkyl acridones.
The replacement of one hydrogen atom by one alkyl or aryl group gives rise to primary amines; of two hydrogen atoms by two groups, to secondary amines; of three hydrogen atoms by three groups, to tertiary amines.
The alcohol is first acted upon with phosphorus and iodine, and the resulting alkyl iodide is treated with silver nitrite, which gives the corresponding nitro-alkyl.
They give the isonitrile reaction (see above) when warmed with chloroform and a caustic alkali, and form alkyl thioureas when heated with an alcoholic solution of carbon bisulphide.
The mixed tertiary amines are produced by the action of alkyl halides on the primary amines.
The tertiary amines possess the power of combining with one molecular proportion of an alkyliodide to form quaternary ammonium salts.
Another method is based upon the different behaviour of the corresponding nitro-alkyl with nitrous acid.
Ammonia finds a wide application in organic chemistry as a synthetic reagent; it reacts with alkyl iodides to form amines (q.
Wislicenus found that only one hydrogen atom in the--CH2- group is directly replaceable by sodium, and that if the sodium be then replaced by an alkyl group, the second hydrogen atom in the group can be replaced in the same manner.
The secondary amines may be of two types--namely, the purely aromatic amines, and the mixed secondary amines, which contain an aromatic residue and an alkyl group.
The nitro-alkyl is then treated with potassium nitrite dissolved in concentrated potash, and sulphuric acid is added.
The phenolsulphonic acids are strong, rather stable acids; their alcoholic hydroxyl-hydrogen atom may, similarly to that of the phenols, be substituted by a metal or an alkyl radical.
In the case of the o-position, however, the action of chlorocarbonic alkyl ester is successfully assisted by the presence of dimethylaniline in an inert solvent, e.
With unsaturated alkyl halides the products are only slightly soluble in ether, and two molecules of the alkyl compound are brought into the reaction.
The compounds formed by the action of magnesium on alkyl iodides in the cold have been largely used in synthetic organic chemistry since V.
The glyoxalines are basic in character, and the imide hydrogen is replaceable by metals and alkyl groups.
Nitrous acid converts it into nitrosoindazole; whilst on heating with the alkyl iodides it is converted into alkyl indazoles.
The second type are the "unsaturated" acids belonging to several different groups, as discussed below, but all having one or more double-linkages between the carbon atoms of the alkyl radical which they contain.
In all other monobasic acids, it is attached to some other monovalent group, usually an alkyl radical, i.
CO) may be prepared by the action of alkyl halides on silver cyanate, or by oxidizing the isonitriles with mercuric oxide.
When heated with water they yield carbon dioxide and symmetrical dialkyl ureas; with ammonia and amines they form alkyl ureas; and with acid anhydrides they yield tertiary amides.
We may also notice that thio-ethers combine with alkyliodides to form sulphine or sulphonium compounds, R3:SI.
OH, where R is an alkyl radical, either aliphatic or cyclic in nature.
In fact, the analogy between the alkylgroups and metallic elements forms a convenient basis from which to consider many derivatives.
According to the new theory this ether will no longer be considered as two alkyl groups connected by an oxygen atom, but as a compound built up on the type of water by the union of an alkyl group and an alkoxyl group.
Thus, by appropriate methods, it ought to become possible to introduce the alkyl groups solely into the hydroxyl group (instead of into the place of the loosely attached H-atom).
For instance, an alkyl may be substituted for the hydroxyl hydrogen in an alcohol molecule, when an ether results.
The hydrogen in the hydroxyl group, as is known, may be substituted by an alkyl group.
The alkyl derivatives may be obtained by heating phenol with one molecular proportion of a caustic alkali and of an alkyl iodide.
The potassium salt reacts with the alkyl iodides to give N-substituted alkyl derivatives.
The hydrogen of the hydroxyl group in phenol can be replaced by metals, by alkyl groups and by acid radicals.
Carbon bisulphide combines with primary amines to form alkyl dithiocarbamates, which when heated lose sulphuretted hydrogen and leave a residue of a dialkyl thio-urea, CS2+2R.
The normal esters may be prepared by the action of silver carbonate on the alkyl iodides, or by the action of alcohols on the chlorcarbonic esters.
By heating with phosphorus pentachloride an alkyl group is eliminated and a chlorcarbonic ester formed.
In such a case the ester is best prepared by the action of an alkyl halide on the silver salt of the acid, and when once prepared, can only be hydrolysed with great difficulty.
Phosphorus pentachloride converts them intoalkyl chlorides, a similar decomposition taking place when they are heated with the haloid acids.
They may also be prepared by heating the alkyl halides with silver oxide.
They may be prepared by the action of concentrated sulphuric acid on the alcohols, alkyl sulphuric acids being first formed, which yield ethers on heating with alcohols.
If the hydrogen of the imido group be replaced by analkyl or an acid radical, and therefore tertiary bound nitrogen restored, the poisonous action is also weakened.
Wiegmann to indicate that the nitrogen is directly connected with two alkyl groups--that is, ethyl and methyl.
Lastly, simultaneous substitution of the H of the HO group by ethyl and the substitution of an alkyl for the H in the NH group gave the following results:-- =Methyl.
The effect of the entrance of an alkyl into the molecule of a substance is not constant; sometimes the action of the poison is weakened, sometimes strengthened.
The influence of position of an alkylin the aromatic bodies is well shown in ortho-, para- and meta-derivatives.
The above list will hopefully give you a few useful examples demonstrating the appropriate usage of "alkyl" in a variety of sentences. We hope that you will now be able to make sentences using this word.
